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        不定式：
用法
1)        作定语 X(n.) to do: way, ability, power, tendency, capacity, reason, chance, time, method, attempt, opportunity, thing, work, property.
2)        作表语 X is to do: aim, ability, goal, duty, work, job, purpose, method, problem, effect, activity, mistake.
3)        作宾语补语 X(v.) to do： afford; agree; appear/seem; arrange; choose; claim; come; elect; endeavor; expect; fail; promise; refuse; seek; select; threaten; venture; offer; prefer.

省略to的不定式：
See/watch/notice/spot/hear/observe/perceive/overhear/feel/feel/smell/make/let…do…
Rather than do; all sb do/did is/was do….;might as well do…

Too…to 形式：可以使用 too adj. (for sb) to do;too adj. to be done by sb.

重要的to do：the last/next/2nd/only/best n. to do….. 序数词或形容词最高级 必须用to do

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比较结构
        基本原则：概念对等，有可比性
（重要例子：Unlike A, B…和 contrast to A, B….中A, B 概念要对等
但是contrary to A, B 中A，B的概念可以不等，contrary to 多接belief, idea, judgment等修饰整个句子，不存在修饰逻辑主语B的问题）

        用词原则：
1.替代原则 重复对象尽量用that/those代替
2.形式尽可能对称
3.种属比较时注意排除自身：any other…
4.语序可以倒装或陈述

        情态：可以一致也可不一致，I can eat more than he does.
语态：主动+主动，被动+被动

        倍数的表达：
Twice: Twice the+ n. (twice the money); twice as many/much…as; twice what+从句
用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple均为动词，不可与as搭配
…times as +adj. / adv. +as…
Sb be + 百分数 +more likely to do sth than to do sth

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        习惯搭配：
        As +adj. +a/an +n. +as…
        More because… than because…
        Not…so much A as B 与其说A倒不如说B
        No more …than… 与…同样不…；no more than 最多，不超过
        No less …than … 与….一样；no less than 多达
        v. +more of/less of +n. 其中more 和less 修饰动词，表示动词的程度（绝对不能用fewer of，因为fewer不修饰动词）：I see less of you in the future
        as good as, or better than, ….
        As +adj +as前面不能加数量词（如2 years, 4 meters），只能加倍数词。注意区分！

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平行结构
        形式对称原则：
1.平行结构标志
Even less 和 much less 表示“更不用说”，用于否定结构后起强调作用，前后词的形式必须一致。
Either…or/ neither…nor（注意前后不能互换）

2.重要的平行结构
分词短语与分词短语并列（-ed与-ing）
现在分词可以和过去分词并列作定语
名词短语可以和what从句并列（find a solution and what we can learn from this problem）
Be likely to do and be unable to do （第二个be不能省略！）
For doing A , not B
Evident that…..,that…..and that…..（连词that不能省略）
n.+ in which……., in which….., and in which……..
to do……and do…….
状语从句与状语从句平行，中间要加and连接词.写成…,standing there, holding a cup of tea.是绝对错误的！

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        概念对等原则：以下概念都不对等
具体名词与抽象名词
名称名词和动作性名词
整体和部分
泛指和特指
Be动词和实义动词

        功能相同原则：除了n.+who…..and whose….是正确的，其他混合形式都是错误的，因为引出的定语不同（比如n.+where….and in which…..;n.+where….and who…..）

        意思单一原则：不能引起逻辑上的争议
        选项中, and后出现介词时联想到：例如call for A and for B; suspect of doing A and of doing B（在没有争议的前提下可以省略介词）
        选项中并列的语句出现位置变换时联想到：例如A for X, B , C有歧义（for B，for C），必须改成 B, C, A for X

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修饰语
        现在分词的完成时态不能作定语修饰名词。Sth having done/ been done 错误。
        As a resulf of…只能作状语，表示 由于….，不能作定语或表语（错误形式：sth as a result of… sth is as a result of…）
        当定语从句sth that….和分词短语作定语–ed sth都可接受时，优先使用-ed形式。
        -ing分词短语作定语 强调动作的重复性 多次性和客观性，无明确时间概念；
定语从句作定语    强调动作的一次性 具体时间的具体行为。
        修饰语的位置不能随意变动：注意原句only的位置，无错则不动

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标准书面用语准则
        主动优先原则：主被动语态都正确的情况下，优先使用主动语态。

        简洁性原则：
whether or not不简洁，必须省略or not.
Evidence of what is/was不简洁，应直接：evidence of+名词
注意有时fact是多余的：The fact that he propose the idea不如 his proposal简洁
当定语从句sth that….和分词短语作定语–ed sth都可接受时，优先使用-ed形式。

        避免使用多义词：
避免使用rare多义词（rare meat:半生不熟的；稀少的）
it is hoped作为插入语，前后用逗号分开。Hopefully有多义（充满希望的；人们希望的），书面语一般不用hopefully.
表示一次时，避免使用at one time（有多种含义）而用once

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        书面语与口语的区别：
        If只表示“如果”，不能表示“是否”。
        在有rather than的情况下最好不用Instead of。
        标准书面语中一般不用enough to表示结果，因为有主观含义。
        “Do+代词”永远错，正确表达是 do so;
        Because of和on account of后面只能接名词或名词短语，不能接doing或one’s doing。（because of doing…是错误的！）
        不用try and do, 用 try to do
        不用all…do not do，用 not all…do…

        用词倾向性：
        一句话中尽量避免重复使用一个词。
        标准书面用语不接受也不倾向使用双重所有格形式。如：sth of sth’s
        优先使用动词去替代：be +该动词的形容词形式/名词形式，have +该动词的名词形式。
例如：influence 替换 be influential/ be an influence
For the determination/determining of 绝对错，应改成 to determine

        分数表示：one in four/ out of four. 不倾向使用one of four.
        优先使用动词性名词形式替代-ing形式的名词形式（如destruction代替the destroying），如果没有才用the –ing形式表示名词（如the splitting apart of sth）。

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习惯搭配
        英文单词：
Ability: ability/inability to do/of sb to do;(错误用法：ability for……)
Access :access to sth(错误用法：+for sth)
Advise： advise sb to do; advise that(错误用法：advise sb that;be advised by sb to do/that… )
After: after+n./-ing形式； after +主谓结构
Aid: aid(n.) in doing sth/to doing sth; aid(tv.) sb; aid(iv.)in doing sth（错误用法：aid to do）
Allege: be alleged to do（断言，宣称，辩解；错误用法： be alleged as doing sth）
Allow: allow sb to do,allow that+陈述(错误用法：allow sb doing，allow that…do…)
Attribute: be attributed to sb(错误用法：be attributed to sb’s)
Base: base A on B(少用：base A on doing sth)
Believe: believe+that从句, believe sth to be; believe sth.(错误用法：believe sth sth, believe sth that)
Capable: capability of doing / to do sth.
Claim: claim to do 声称要做什么，强调动作，claim to have done声称发生了什么，做了什么，别考虑完成时的说法！（claim doing错）
Compare:
Compare A to B:把A比作是B。（A,B是不同类的，打比方）
Compare A with B:把 A，B作比较。（A,B是相同的，作比较）
PS:“A和B的比较”正确搭配为 comparison between A and B
Confident: confidence in sth, confidence+that从句; confident about sth.
Consider: consider sth sth; consider sth adj. sth is considered to be sth by sb.(不简洁用法不可取：consider sth to be/as sth)
Contrast: in contrast to/ with, contrast to…, contrast …with…(错误用法：as contrasted with; contrast…to…. )
Control: be in control of sth; keep/bring/ have sth under control; get/take/presume/lose control of sth（错误用法: keep control of sth; keep in control of等）
Credit: be credit with/to+doing/having done (错误用法：be credit as/for, be credit to do)
Descend: descend(verb.) from sth; a descendant(n.) of….（错误用法 a descendant for…）
Dispose: 处置dispose of
Dispute: dispute over(错误用法：dispute about)
Estimate: estimate at+价格等数量词,除此之外都是 estimated to be …
Except: Except for A, B….    A与B属于不同类事物
Except A, B…       A与B属于同类事物

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Forbid: forbid sth; forbid sb to do sth; forbid doing(错误用法：forbid sb from doing sth.)
Force：force sb to do(错误用法：force sb doing; force sb that)
Heritage: have a heritage(错误用法：share a heritage)
Intention: the intention of doing(错误用法：the intention to do)
Lead: sth lead sb to do;lead to 没有被动用法
Liable: be liable to do; be liable to(介词) sth; be liable for(介词) sth(错误用法：be liable that….)
Make: make sth sth, make sth +adj , make it +adj+to do…
Mandate: mandate sb to do; mandate that …do…
Mistake: mistake A for B 把A误认作B
Native: be native to(错误用法： be native in/of….)
Necessary: be necessary to do （错误用法：be necessary for doing; be necessary in doing||补充:necessity of sth）
Permit: permit sb to do sth ,sth permit doing…, permit sth(错误用法：permit+that从句,permit sb doing, sb be permitted sth)
Persuade: persuade sb to do sth(错误用法：persuade sb in doing; persuade that)
Phenomenon: phenomenon in which(错误用法：+where)
Possibility: possibility of doing; possibility that …will/would….（错误用法：possibility to do; possibility that …might do…）
Power: power to do; power of sth(错误用法：power of doing sth)
Presence: to one’s presence
Prohibit: prohibit sb. from doing（错误用法： prohibit sb. to do, prohibit that….注意be prohibit from doing永远没有prohibit sth好）
Propose: sth propose+that从句(不虚拟), sb propose +that从句(动词原形表虚拟);   propose sb to do(不能用被动语态); propose doing sth; propose sth.
Rate: 接for表示什么的价格，接of表示什么的比率，请分辨清楚！
Regard: be regarded as A, not as B
Require: require that….do..; require of sb. that…do…; require sb to do; sth be required of sb.
Responsible: be responsible for sth; be responsible for doing sth; be responsible to sb.(错误用法：be responsible to do )
Reversion: a reversion to +名词(恢复，复原；错误用法：a reversion to do)
Rival: A rival B for/in …; rivalry between A and B
Sell: sth sells well; sth is sold for 20 dollars.
Support : in support of;
There be: 错误用法：there being sth, there be sth done; there be a + 由形容词或动词变化而来的词; there could be done
Withdraw: withdraw from…..;
Worry: worry about/over，be worried about/over(错误用法：+concerning，+with respect to)