GMAT考试语法大汇总-prep语法笔记归纳出来的知识点（词）

myice

1.continue这个词，对于时态方面有一点特殊性：1）不用进行时态；2）不用两种以上的时态
2.so …that V.S. so … as to be/do的用法：
so … that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样；
so … as to be/do一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误
原理：so … as to事实上是三个结构的结合，so引出的是状语，as指代句子前面的核心含义，to是不定式引导状语结构(adverbial structure)，此不定式修饰的正是前面的核心动词以及该动词的逻辑主语，所以只有当前面只有一个核心动词而且很明确的时候才能够用so…as to，也正因为修饰成分离被修饰词过远会造成修饰不清，所以to be/do结构不能与前面动词不能太远。

myice

关于so as to连写。
So as to跟to并不是完全对等的！so as to里面有so这个连词，隔开前后，前面的统统是过程，后面统统是目的，而to没有连词，如果to do做状语，修饰的是最近谓语动词。
参考例题2:
The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealized sculptured portrait, the features of which are so unrealistic as to constitute what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”
A.        so unrealistic as to constitute
B.        so unrealistic they constituted
C.        so unrealistic that they have constituted
D.        unrealistic enough so that they constitute
E.        unrealistic enough so as to constitute
Key: A
解析：constitute的动作发出者是features很明确，所以可以用so…as to…
constitute可以做linking verb，也可以做transitive verb，在本题是linking verb.
        [linking verb, not in progressive]
to be considered to be something
　 Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach of the employment contract.
　 The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.
[linking verb, not in progressive]
if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it
　 We must redefine what constitutes a family.
        [T usually in passive] formal
to officially form a group or organization
　 The Federation was constituted in 1949.
OG的解释：
The verbs are and calls indicate that the sculpture is being viewed and judged in the present. Thus, neither the past tense verb constituted (in B) nor the present perfect verb have constituted (in C) is correct; both suggest that the statue’s features once constituted an artificial face but no longer do so. Also, B would be better if that were inserted after so unrealistic, although the omission of that is not ungrammatical. Choices D and E use unidiomatic constructions with enough: unrealistic enough to constitute would be idiomatic, but the use of enough is imprecise and awkward in this context. Choice A, which uses the clear, concise, and idiomatic construction so unrealistic as to constitute, is best.
enough：

myice

enough的固定搭配：
enough for sb. 对某人来说足够了
enough to do something  足够做某事
错误搭配：(X) enough + ”that / so as to / so to / so that”。
enough to, so/such…that…, so/such…as to三者都表示结果,区别在于:enough to表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用; so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题; so/such...as to逻辑主语等于句子主语,即句子主语可以执行as to后面动词所表达的作用

myice

关于so…that…与such…that…
(1) such…that表达的是强调含义，与so…that的含义不同(prep 1-131)。
(2) so…that后面不加情态动词表示结果，后面加情态动词表目的。
(3) so…that不能修饰介词短语与名词，只能修饰动作。
(4) so…that用来说明做某事的目的，所以其前面应该是“做某事”，而不能是介词短语。(GWD-30-170)
(5) such + adj. + that错误，such必须修饰名词，可以是such+adj.+noun.+that。这里such表示of a kind。
such that连用时的用法：
(1) A rule of correspondence between two sets such that there is a unique element in the second set assigned to each element in the first set.  (such向前指代a rule of … sets )
函数两组元素一一对应的规则，第一组中的每个元素在第二组中只有唯一的对应量
(2) Her interest with him is such that she governs him absolutely. (such指代her interest)
她对他的影响非常大，以至于完全控制了他。
(3) The format of the meeting was such that everyone could ask a question.  (such指代the format of the meeting) 会议安排好可让每个人都能提一个问题。
(4) choose x and y such that x + y = 10 (such向前指代x and y)

myice

3. die为瞬间动词
4.By+ doing(by imitating and practicing)和by+noun(by imitation and practice)的区别还是在于doing和noun之间:doing为动名词形式描述的是动作的发生，noun则是对动作的单纯描述。
5. "twice Y" / "X times Y" can definitely be used as an appositive。
注意doubling the increase of 和 double as much as the increase of是两个完全不同的结构。
关于twice as many/much as结构：
If you say "twice as many", then this construction should be paired with acountable noun.
e.g., twice as many dogs --> "dogs" is a countable noun
If you said "twice as much", then this construction should be paired with anuncountable noun.
e.g., twice as much water --> "water" is an uncountable noun
If the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity, then you should use neither "much" nor "many". instead, you should just use "twice" or "double" by itself.
e.g., twice the increase --> "increase" is an explicitly numerical quantity
These rules are followed pretty closely.
so, for instance:
twice as much water --> correct, since "water" is an uncountable noun (but is not an explicitly numerical quantity)
twice the water... --> incorrect, since water is not a numerical quantity
twice as much as the increase... --> incorrect; redundant
twice the increase... --> correct
6.不能看到the increase就认定它是不可数的，要用much来修饰，而应该看the increase所指向的东西。

myice

7. 关于not only...but also...----从GWD8-20总结出的
Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进,  其中also可以省略
But/but also表示的是转折. not only ...but also表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为not only...but also必须一起出现。单独出现but also是可能的，参见大全74
All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging the nation’s recreational areas.
(A)        deaths, injury to thousands, and seriously damaging
(B)        deaths and injuring thousands, and serious damage to
(C)        deaths, thousands who are injured, as well as seriously damaging
(D)        deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious damage to  （D）
(E)        deaths, thousands are injured, and they do serious damage to
关于not  only…but also.. 的用法,我根据前人的发言并结合GMAT的思路挑出了这几条:
1)在正常语序中: not only … but also 应连接两个相对称的并列成分。例如：                     
Not only Mr Lin but also his son joined the Party two years ago. （连接两个主语）
I not only play tennis but also practise shooting. （连接两个谓语动词）                 
He plays not only the piano but also the violin. （连接两个宾语）
在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成：not only...but it also...是错误的（因为破坏了平衡）。
如大全中：
125.The winds that howl across the Great Plains not only blow away valuable topsoil, thereby reducing the potential crop yield of a tract of land, and also damage or destroy young plants.
(A)        and also damage or destroy
(B)        as well as damaging or destroying
(C)        but they also cause damage or destroy
(D)        but also damage or destroy（D）
(E)        but also causing damage or destroying
Choice D, the best answer, correctly employs the correlative construction not only x but also y, where x and y are grammatically parallel and where both x and y (damage and destroy) apply to young plants. Choices A, (not only... and also), B (not only... as well as), and C (not only... but they also) violate the not only... but also paradigm. Moreover, B contains terms (blow... damaging) that are not parallel. In C and E, damage is used not as a verb with young plants as its direct object but as a noun receiving the action of cause; consequently, these choices fail to state explicitly that the damage is done to young plants. E also violates parallelism (not only blow... but also causing)

myice

2)not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。例如：
Not only the students but also the teacher was against the plan. / Not only the teacher but also the students were against the plan.
3)not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。例如：                     
误： They don't fear not only hardship but also death.
正： They fear neither hardship nor death.
正： They don't fear either hardship or death.
4) not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。例如：
Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.
Not only did he speak English correctly, but he also speaks it fluently.
《新编英语语法》薄冰P633：Not only does he compose music, but he also play./ Not only does he have to type out the answer on a computer, but he also gets the computer to translate it into sounds.
《新编英语语法》章振邦1005：She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends
英语语法大全上的例句是:   Not only did they break into his office and steal his books, but they also tore up his manuscripts.   所以我个人认为在倒装的情况下,but also是可以被主语拆开的.
这里附上ring_cheng的观点:倒装时可以在短语中插入某类成分，如：not only did sb do sth, but sb also did sth （之所以前后都加入主语，不是为了连接主语，而是为了句子的对仗工整而补足主语，连接的其实是主语的两个不同的谓语动作。又因为not only在句首已经倒装过了，所以but also用正常语序即可。依然满足句子平衡的要求）.如大全:
354.In 1978 a national study found that not only had many contractors licensed by a self-policing private guild failed to pass qualifying exams, they in addition falsified their references.
A.        they in addition falsified their references
B.        they had their references falsified in addition
C.        but they had also falsified their references
D.        they had also falsified their references（C）
E.        but their references were falsified as well

myice

8.Number的用法小结
几种用法之间区别：非核心词与核心词；number的意义；number与相关成分的单复数一致关系。
1)        a number of / numbers of + 可数名词复数 + 动词复数
可以理解为量词结构，a number of表示一些，numbers of表示大量
of后面的复数名词才是核心词，谓语动词因此总是复数
Many students arrived early, but only a number of them worked on their exercises.
The lake produces a good number of (=a lot of) salmon each season.
Numbers of birds fly across the lake.      
另外：any number of 用于非正式场合，表示大量
There could be any number of (=many) reasons why she's late.
OG237. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close range.     
OG152. When the technique known as gene-splicing was invented in the early 1970’s, it was feared that scientists might inadvertently create an “Andromeda strain,” a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it.
709. The Coast Guard recently redesigned channel markers in the Chesapeake Bay to
accommodate large numbers of ospreys, whose huge nests formerly obstructed the lights.
829. The speculative fever of the Roaring Twenties infected rich and poor alike; great numbers of people were dangerously overextended, credit was absurdly easy to obtain, and most brokerage houses required only ten percent cash for stocks bought on “margin.”

myice

2)        the number of + 可数名词复数 + 动词单数: number是核心词，可以被具体的一个数字表示 可数物品累积起来的数量, 可数名词需用复数形式
这时number是核心词，可以被具体化为一个数字，如50或者100，谓语动词因此总是单数
The number of students who participated the interview was 100.
Today’s case brings the number of successful prosecutions in the region to thirty-four.
[这里有个疑问有待考证：是否可以从例子派生出The numbers of girl and boy students are respectively 30 and 70? 如果可以，则规则为：the number(s) of + n.(总是复数) + v.(单数或者复数-取决于number的形式)]。
OG-verbal-5. A Labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside            the home increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than      sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.         
492. Los Angeles has a higher number of family dwellings per capita than does any other large city.
有人问为什么不选(D) higher numbers of family dwellings per capita than do other large cities. ETS：the plural numbers is incorrect in that there is only a single number of such dwellings.
这题是什么时候用单数，什么时候用复数number的好例证：ETS的意思是，因为人均住房面积只用一个数值就可以表示了，例如20平方米/人，即number 就是这个数，所以number 和对应谓语动词都用单数。另外，比较级higher表示将LA的number 和其他城市相应的number相比：one number is larger/greater/higher than the other number.

myice

3)        numbers作为核心词，表示可以被具体化的几个数
530. New Jersey has one of the five highest numbers of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States.
908. Upset by the recent downturn in production numbers during the first half of the year, the board of directors, at its quarterly meeting, raised the possibility of
adding worker incentives.
因为每个公司的生产指标有很多，所以用复数形式的production numbers。比较题No.492，在那里family dwellings per capita只可以被具体化为一个数。
这些情况下，如果明确知道有多个数字，就用numbers。再例如Don't judge a team by its numbers.不能仅仅从数字（指标）上判断一个队（的好坏）。如NBA队伍中每个球员都有rebound, assist, turnover, score等指标，球队有胜率，排名等指标。这些指标就是由多个数字表达的，所以即使team是单数，但是its + numbers是最合理的。上面的句子也可以改写为：Don’t judge a team by those numbers listed on its website.
4)        numbers作为核心词，但可以被具体化的几个数倾向不明显
OG-verbal-72. The gyrfalcon,
an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with (A) extinction; its numbers are now five-times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s. 因为动词是复数，所以可推知numbers是number的复数形式，而不是什么固定用法。
TTGWD9-Q7: In Scotland, the (E) wild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.   
另外，一些讨论中说：numbers是复数做“人数，鸟群”讲。Longman字典：Visitor numbers increase in the summer.　游客人数在夏季增加。现代英汉词典：Birds gather in large numbers beside the river.鸟儿一群群地聚在河边。但是显然后面一个例子中in large numbers是做副词用，参见5)。
这一类用法是最难的，还没有找到最有说服力的解释。但是作题的时候，我们可以借用其他方面的线索，排除错误项(e.g.OG-verbal-72)。