OG12 SC8求助！！！！！

ybava018919

The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the
universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty
billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
(A)    that the universe began in an explosive instant
ten to twenty billion years ago and has been
expanding
(B)    that the universe had begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had
been expanding
(C)    that the beginning of the universe was an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that has expanded

(D)    the beginning of the universe to have been an
explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago
that is expanding
(E)    the universe to have begun in an explosive
instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has
been expanding

OG上说D选项中最后的that is expanding 指代的是the beginning of the universe，为什么？、、
另外又说C选项上的that has expanded指代的是instant，完全不明白啊。。。，就近原则到底是咋回事啊，，，谁指代谁。。。为什么啊。。。请各位大侠们予以紧急详细的支援与指导。。。。。。感激不尽！

mop000

句子结构： The … theory holds that the universe began in … and has been…
考点：
1.    主系表结构中表语是对主语的描述、说明，因此要搭配合理。
2.  描述自然现象、统计数据、实验结论、客观事实的时候用一般现在时
同样需要注意的是在描述法律规定的时候定语从句要用Ving形式
选项分析：
A．    Correct；10 to 20 billion years ago做定语修饰instant
B．    Had began时态错误，begin是即时动词不能用完成时态，而且只是描述过去某个时间点的事件，不需要用完成时；第二个had应该改为has，因为至今仍在扩大，应该用现在时态
C．    the beginning of the universe was an instant主语和表语搭配错误；was应该改为is；that has expanded修饰instant错误
D．    the beginning of the universe was的表达wordy；hold … to have been表达不如宾语从句直接，而且wordy，只有knowned to have done这种不得已的时候才用这样的结构；that is expanding将原句中并列的句子改为从句，改变了原句意思；is expanding时态错误，应用现在完成进行时与ever since搭配
E．    had been expanding与holds并列错误，begin逻辑上应该与expand并列；hold…to have begun的表达不如宾语从句直接
OG12-8的解释：
Logical predication; Verb form
The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.
A.    Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.
B.    Had begun is the wrong tense because it describes action that occurred farther in the past than some other, specifi ed past action.
C.    The relative clause that has expanded describes instant, which makes no sense.
D.    The beginning of the universe to have been … is unnecessarily indirect and wordy; illogically suggests that beginning is expanding, not the universe.
E.    The verb phrases to have begun and has been expanding both reference the same subject of the clause, universe, and therefore need to be parallel.
下划线的两个句子并不矛盾，因为that从句前面的beginning be an instant是主系表结构，所以that从句describe的是instant和beginning.

allygmat7

OG上说D选项中最后的that is expanding 指代的是the beginning of the universe，为什么？、、

IMO: 可以将that is expanding换个位置，再理解，即"The theory holds the beginning of the universe that is expanding to have have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago"。“that is expanding ”作为修饰the beginning of the universe.

pengyayun

C 中 that 指代的为什么是instant 而非 the beginning of the universe 啊？？