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72. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates. Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the additional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline would be ecologically sound and would keep our county from being too dependent on foreign oil producers.

Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author’s reasoning?

A. The author cites irrelevant data.
B. The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures.
C. The author makes incompatible assumptions.
D. The author mistakes an effect for a cause.
E. The author appeals to conscience rather than reason.

参考答案：C
思路：作者得出的结论有两个，1是提高汽油税率，可以同比提高税收所得，这一结论的前提条件是，汽油的消费量不受税率影响；2是提高税率可以降低对汽油的消费需求，这一结论的假设条件与前一结论的假设条件是互相矛盾的，因此显而易见，C正确。

Test 5

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73. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientists, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results.

Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument?

A. Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated.
B. Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication.
C. Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication.
D. In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud.
E. Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone.

答案：A
思路：作者说no必要有一个新的出版confirmation系统，因为Poor scientific work is not harmful，other scientists conduct experiments来正明正确的结果。A指出Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years，指出Poor scientific work is harmful，是weaken。

A. 无关
B. 无关
C. 无关
D. 无关

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74. Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond.

Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?

A. The quality of child-care will improve.
B. The cost of providing child-care services will increase.
C. The government will use funding to foster advances in child-care.
D. If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond.
E. If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing childcare will not increase.

A. 无关信息
B. 有效的建立了关系：government respond --- > regulation --- > make the activity
more expensive troublesome --- > troublesome in financial resources --- >cost increase. (B )
C. 无关信息：
D. 无关信息
E. 是否命题, 不能得到的结论

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75. Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people’s tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating one sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material.

Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?

A. The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers.
B. Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication.
C. The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew.
D. People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence.
E. It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group.

答案：C
思路：
A. 支持但不是最强
B. advertisers考虑了publication转变了不同的读者群，还是financial considerations。
C. 直接举证说明原因：是为了moral，应为sales会increase if they stayed with the changed publication，但sales会decrease if they withdrew。
D. 无关
E. 无关

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76. Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.

Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument?

A. Blackbirds build better nests than other birds.
B. The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increase with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction.
C. The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.
D. Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds.
E. Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest.

参考答案：B
思路：结论：How to build a nest is very important.第一句话。论据：birds nesting ,不如老bird success, also less than 。。。其实就一句话，新birds没用经验nesting,所以生育成功率低。
削弱方向：
1、断桥，论据与结论无关，即新birds nesting。。 推不出how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds.
2、他因：有其他的原因可以解释论据。
3、驳斥论据的有效性；

A. 无关，比较点不对，和其他bird无关
B. 他因，success 是与capacity 有关。
C. 无关，陷阱，把论据重新说呢一遍。The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time.= He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later.
D. 无关，文中没有比较smaller ,weaker。Smaller, weaker birds 完全有可能知道 how to build a nest .
E. 无关，birds被杀和breeding success of birds 无关，如果是出生（breeding）的birds 被杀就有关了。

评论：排除法是最有效的，因为不正确选项简单。而正确选项的推理过程有点扰。

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77. How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airline have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes.

Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends?

A. Training programs can eliminate pilot errors.
B. Commercial pilot routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers.
C. The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time.
D. Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes.
E. Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs.

参考答案：D
思路：xxx的program 不能补充pilots’ lack of actual flying time.结论：thererfore, rethink approach to prevent commercial plane crash. 中间有思维跳跃，actual flying time 与plane crash 什么关系？
A. 削弱，program can eliminate…, so do not need rethink approach
B. 无关。题中是prevent planes crashes的training.
C. 加强。
D. 将actual flying time 与(pilot error in) plane crashes 联系起来。对assumption取非：actual flying time is not an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. 削弱结论。符合ETS假设定义。
E. 加强。

评论：比较简单，不要关心废话。


Questions 78-79
Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms.

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78. Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT:

A. Urban populations have doubled in the past decade.
B. Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years.
C. Evidence suggests that inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen.
D. By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures.
E. Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment.

参考答案：A
思路：现象：death rate doubled. 结论：the cause of increased death is ……
支持方向：
1，论据的有效性。
2，的确是这个原因。
A. 削弱, 人口double了，支持了two possible explanations之一，反对了结论。
B. 支持。中心，过去，现在一样accurate.
C. 支持结论，就是inhalers 造成的。
D. 同C。
E. 支持，排除可以削弱的他因（eg, Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were as many as that used today. 就是削弱）。

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79. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade.
B. Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma.
C. Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions.
D. The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not.
E. Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the used of asthma deaths, and the use of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma.

参考答案：E
思路：不是解释1和2，就是解释3。隐含了1，2，3外没用其他解释的理由。
A. 支持。
B. 无关。中心是role的问题。
C. 可以算无关，也可以算削弱。
D. 加强
E. 取非，除了1，2，3解释还有其他解释。典型的他因削弱，符合ETS 假设定义。

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80. Advertisement: Clark brand-name parts are made for cars manufactured in this country. They satisfy all of our government automotive tests-the toughest such tests in the world. With foreign-made parts, you never know which might be reliable and which are cheap look-alikes that are poorly constructed and liable to cost you hundreds of dollars in repairs. Therefore, be smart and insist on brand-name parts by Clark for your car.

The argument requires the assumption that

A. Clark parts are available only in this country
B. foreign-made arts are not suitable for cars manufactured in this country
C. no foreign-made parts satisfy our government standards
D. parts that satisfy or government standards are not as poorly constructed as cheap foreign made parts
E. if parts are made for cars manufactured in our country, they are not poorly constructed

参考答案：D
思路：C东东通过了G test, 所以，选C东东，不选国外东东。
A. 无关，而且有only,
B. 加强。
C. 无关。用不用G和国外的与satisfy standards 无关。
D. 取非。通过了test的G与国外的一样。削弱。
E. 加强。

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81. Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or “fused”, and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using “heavy” water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experiments cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion had been achieved.

Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the experimenters’ conclusion?

A. Helium-4 was not the only gas founding the experiment chamber.
B. When fusion is achieved, it normally produces several by-products, including tritium and gamma rays.
C. The amount of helium-4 found in the chamber’s air did not exceed the amount of helium-4 that is found in ordinary air.
D. Helium-4 gas rapidly breaks down, forming ordinary helium gas after a few hours.
E. Nuclear fusion reactions are characterized by the release of large amount of heat.

参考答案：C
思路：FACT: nuclear fusion产生H-4. 现象：某个试验有he-4,结论：试验中有nuclear fusion.

驳斥方向：
1. 断桥。有h4推不出nuclear fusion，不过本题无法断桥，因为这是个Fact.
2. 他因，试验中的h4有其他来源。

A. 无关
B. 无关，和A说的同一件事情。
C. 他因。试验中h4 是本来就有的。
D. 无关，本句中心是helium gas 不是h-4。Helium 属于文中没用提的东东，虽然都是helium.
E. 无关，陷阱。试验中完全可能有大量的热，作者没用说，谁也不知道有没有热。