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10. In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban, on the ground that it is impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument given by the manufacturers depends?

A. The government of S has recently increased the amount of telecommunication equipment it allows to be imported into the country.
B. The telecommunication equipment that would be imported into S if the exemption were to be granted would not be available solely to top development officials in S.
C. A majority of the members of R’s legislature do not favor exempting telecommunication equipment from the ban on exports to Country S.
D. Of all exports that could be sent to Country S, telecommunication equipment would be the most effective in helping citizens of S oppose that country’s repressive government.
E. Without pressure from Country R, the government of S would be able to continue repressing its citizens indefinitely.

The correct answer is B.

See: Assumption question

Think: I have to find the conclusion, then the evidence, and from them figure out the central assumption.

Do:
Conclusion: The “what” of an argument

In this case:
In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S.

Evidence: The “Why” of an argument

In this case:
It’s impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.

Assumption: Facts or ideas, not stated in the passage. The assumption must be true if the argument is to be considered valid. The assumption typical directly links the evidence with the conclusion. The best way to tackle it is to negate it.

In this case:
The telecommunication equipment that would be imported into S if the exemption were to be granted would not be available solely to top development officials in S.

If we negate the assumption, the conclusion can’t come to pass.
:
The telecommunication equipment that would be allowed to export into S (exempted) would be AVAILABLE SOLELY to top development officials in S, then the proposal to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive by using ban will be failed. As a result, the argument that manufacture gave that telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban will be failed.

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11. The average cable television company offers its customers 50 channels, but new fiber-optic lines will enable telephone companies to provide 100 to 150 television channels to their customers for the same price as cable companies charge for 50. Therefore, the new companies will displace cable companies within a few years.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument?

A. The initial cost per household of installing new fiber-optic television service will exceed the current cost of installing cable television service.
B. The most popular movies and programs on channels carried by cable companies will also be offered on channels carried by the fiber-optic lines owned by the telephone companies.
C. Cable television companies will respond to competition from the telephone companies by increasing the number of channels they offer.
D. Some telephone companies own cable companies in areas other than those in which they provide telephone services.
E. The new fiber-optic services offered by telephone companies will be subject to more stringent governmental programming regulations than those to which cable companies are now subject.

The correct answer is B.

See: Strengthen question

Think: I need the choice that confirms the central assumption. In other words, Strengthen the argument = Strengthen the assumption.

Do:
Conclusion: The “what” of an argument

In this case:
Cable companies will be displaced by the new companies within a few years.
.
Evidence: The “Why” of an argument

In this case:
The average cable television company offers its customers 50 channels, but new fiber-optic lines will enable telephone companies to provide 100 to 150 television channels to their customers for the same price as cable companies charge for 50.

Assumption: Facts or ideas, not stated in the passage. The assumption must be true if the argument is to be considered valid. The assumption typical directly links the evidence with the conclusion. The best way to tackle it is to negate it.

In this case:
The channels, if not all, the most of them must be overlapped from both providers.

The choice B, only B, confirms the central assumption. So it’s the correct answer.

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12. The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth. A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip. Therefore, it is possible for people to go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. The amount of fuel needed for a spacecraft to return from Mars is the same as the amount of fuel needed to travel from Earth to Mars.
B. The fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere would not differ in composition from the fuel used to travel to Mars.
C. The device for manufacturing fuel from the Martian atmosphere would not take up any of the spaceship crew’s living space.
D. A conventional spacecraft equipped with the device would not be appreciably more expensive to construct than current spacecraft typically are.
E. The device for manufacturing fuel for the return to Earth weighs less than the tanks of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would otherwise need to carry from Earth for the return trip.

The correct answer is (E)

See: Assumption question

Think: I have to find the conclusion, then the evidence, and from them figure out the central assumption.

Do:
Conclusion: The “what” of an argument

In this case:
It is possible for people to go to Mars in a spacecraft that carries this device and then return.

Evidence: The “Why” of an argument

In this case:
E1:
The only physical factor preventing a human journey to Mars has been weight. Carrying enough fuel to propel a conventional spacecraft to Mars and back would make even the lightest craft too heavy to be launched from Earth.
E2:
A device has recently been invented, however, that allows an otherwise conventional spacecraft to refill the craft’s fuel tanks with fuel manufactured from the Martian atmosphere for the return trip

Assumption: Facts or ideas, not stated in the passage. The assumption must be true if the argument is to be considered valid. The assumption typical directly links the evidence with the conclusion. The best way to tackle it is to negate it.

In this case:
The device for manufacturing fuel for the return to Earth weighs less than the tanks of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would otherwise need to carry from Earth for the return trip.


If we negate the assumption, the conclusion can’t come to pass.

The device for manufacturing fuel for the return to Earth weighs more than the tanks of fuel that a conventional spacecraft would otherwise need to carry from Earth for the return trip, then the conclusion can’t come to pass in new invented device term.

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13. In 1712 the government of Country Y appointed a censor to prohibit the publication of any book critical of Country Y’s government; all new books legally published in the country after 1712 were approved by a censor. Under the first censor, one half of the book manuscripts submitted to the censor were not approved for publication. Under the next censor, only one quarter of the book manuscripts submitted were not approved, but the number of book manuscripts that were approved was the same under both censors. If the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following can be properly concluded from them?

A. More books critical of Country Y’s governments were published before the appointment of the first censor than after it.
B. The first censor and the second censor prohibited the publication of the same number of book manuscripts.
C. More book manuscripts were submitted for approval to the first censor than to the second.
D. The second censor allowed some book manuscripts to the published that the first censor would have considered critical of Country Y’s government.
E. The number of writers who wrote unpublished manuscripts was greater under the first censor than under the second.

参考思路：

同5，又是一道计算题。关键还是列出公式。
the number of book manuscripts that were approved was the same under both censors.
Numbers of the first censor checked x (1-50%) = Numbers of the second censor x (1-25%)
So
(C) More book manuscripts were submitted for approval to the first censor than to the second.

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14. If the government increases its funding for civilian scientific research, private patrons and industries will believe that such research has become primarily the government’s responsibility. When they believe that research is no longer primarily their responsibility, private patrons and industries will decrease their contributions toward research. Therefore, in order to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

A. Governments should bear the majority of the financial burden of funding for civilian scientific research.
B. Any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.
C. Private donations toward research are no longer welcomed by researchers whose work receives government funding.
D. Civilian scientific research cannot be conducted efficiently with more than one source of funding.
E. funding for civilian scientific research is currently at the highest possible level.

参考思路：
本题指出private funding for civilian scientific research和government funding是一增一减的关系。如果两者的增长数量是一样的，则总量不会随其中之一而变化。而如果一方的变化是另一方变化量的系数倍，则总量将会受到影响
(B) Any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.
这个选项指出了第二钟变化趋势。Therefore, in order to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding. 我们应该假设Any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.。 b is correct.

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15. Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the researcher’s reasoning?

A. Dentists should perform any procedure that is likely to be beneficial in the long term, but only if the procedure does not cause immediate damage.
B. Dentists should help their patients to prevent cavities rather than waiting until cavities are present to begin treatment.
C. A condition that is only potentially harmful should not be treated using a method that is definitely harmful.
D. A condition that is typically progressive should not be treated using methods that provide only temporary relief.
E. A condition that is potentially harmful should not be left untreated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance.

答案：C
思路：搭桥法，建立A与B的联系作者指出：补牙对牙齿的健康部分是一定有害的。而牙洞只有在已经露出神经后才是有害的。可是这种情形几乎不可能出现。因此牙医不应该随便给病人补牙除非牙龈神经已经露出。
A, 提到无关信息：beneficial in the long term。
B, 与题目相反
C, 有效的建立了两者的关系，即对于潜在的伤害不应用必然带来其他伤害的方法来治疗。
D, 无关信息排除
E, 没有建立起有效的连接。

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16. The axis of Earth’s daily rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit at an angle of roughly 23 degrees. That angle can be kept fairly stable only by the gravitational influence of Earth’s large, nearby Moon. Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life. Mars, for example, has only very small moons, tilts at wildly fluctuating angles, and cannot support life.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

A. If Mars had a sufficiently large nearby moon, Mars would be able to support life.
B. If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit, Earth’s climate would be unable to support life.
C. Any planet with a stable, moderate axis tilt can support life.
D. Gravitational influences other than moons have little or no effect on the magnitude of the tilt angle of either Earth’s or Mars’s axis.
E. No planet that has more than one moon can support life.

参考思路：
A only by B。 B是A的必要条件, 非B推出非A。
If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit -----〉That angle cannot be kept fairly stable ---à
a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life.( based on Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planet’s climate is too extreme and unstable to support life.)
(B) If Earth’s Moon were to leave Earth’s orbit, Earth’s climate would be unable to support life.
Is correct!
此题为典型的逻辑关系推理题。

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17. Psychologist: Some astrologers claim that our horoscopes completely determine our personalities, but this claim is false, I concede that identical twins---who are, of course, born at practically the same time---often do have similar personalities. However, birth records were examined to find two individuals who were born 40 years ago on the same day and at exactly the same time---one in a hospital in Toronto and one in a hospital in New York. Personalities of these two individuals are in fact different.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which the psychologist’s argument depends?

A. Astrologers have not subjected their claims to rigorous experimentation.
B. The personality differences between the two individuals cannot be explained by the cultural difference between Toronto and New York.
C. The geographical difference between Toronto and New York did not result in the two individuals having different horoscopes.
D. Complete birth records for the past 40 years were kept at both hospitals.
E. Identical twins have identical genetic structures and usually have similar home environments.

答案：C
思路： Psychologist举例否原观点，举的反例必定是在原观点相同的前提情况下产生了与原观点不同的结论。原观点的前提情况是相同星座，结论是性格相同。反例的前提情况需要与原观点的一致，所以即是不管多伦多还是纽约生的星座是一样的。
A, 是无关选项，占星家们做没做实验对原文半点影响没有。
B, 是无关选项，心理学家们驳的是星象，跟文化没关系。
D, 是废话，重复了原文的背景。
E, 也是废话，重复了原文的背景。

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18. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today’s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.

Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?

A. After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.
B. When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry.
C. No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passenger-owned electronic devices on board.
D. Significant electromagnetic radiation from portable electronic devices can travel up to eight meters, and some passenger seats on modern aircraft are located within four meters of the navigation systems.
E. Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular.

答案：E
思路： E是无关选项，同时装备无法支持飞机航行受电子设备干扰。其他选项都能支持。
A, 加强选项，关了电玩后，飞机就正常了，说明电玩有影响。
B, 加强选项，直接说电玩影响飞机电路。
C, 没有电玩，飞机没影响，相对加强力度弱些，但比起E来也能勉强算做加强。
D, 加强选项，电玩八米有影响，有些乘客就坐在电路八米内。

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TEST 2

19. Jane: Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.

Maurice: But you are recommending nothing short of censorship! Besides which, your claim that television and movie depictions of violence cause violence is mistaken: violence among young people predates movies and television by centuries.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens Jane’s argument?

A. The most violent characters depicted in movies and on television programs are adult characters who are portrayed by adult actors.
B. The movies that have been shown to have the most influence on young people’s behavior are those that are promoted to young audiences.
C. The people who make the most profits in the movie and television industry are those who can successfully promote their work to both young and old audiences.
D. Many adolescents who engage in violent behavior had already displayed such behavior before they were exposed violence in movies.
E. Among the producers who make both movies and television programs, many voluntarily restrict the subject matter of films directed toward young audiences.
答案：B
思路：J说由于恶少们很多是被电影带坏的，所以带暴力的镜头应该除掉。要支持，就要建立连接，说这些电影对孩儿们影响太大了，所以选B。

A, 无关选项，成人角色原文没提过。
C, 无关选项，搞影视的大腕跟原文也没关系。
D, 削弱，说那帮小孩们从来就是暴力狂，跟影视没关系。
E, 比较模糊，说是制作人们比较自觉，一般都删掉暴力镜头，可以说无关，也可以说削弱，但是绝对不是加强。