2）. 还有平行的not 。。 but。。
【PREP 07-01-74 一道not but平行的题，大家小测一下~】
Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.
(A) due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are
(B) due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are
(C) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but
(D) because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are
(E) because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are
此题PREP解析
考点: 逻辑表达（Logical Predication） 平行对称（Parallelism）
1) 介词短语n account of, because of, despite (in spite of), as a result of, due to之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时或后面跟动词的抽象名词形式,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。
2) but的用法: but做介词,表示除了… 例:No one has read it but the students. 或者用在词组not…but…举行中,作连词表示不是,而是的意思, 例: The plan caused not prosperity but ruin.
(A) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效；not…but…连接的结构不平行。
(B) due to +动词的抽象名词形式,表达不够有效; they多余, 破坏了sth/sb be not… but (be)…的结构
(C) but可能作为介词,产生because they enhance reproduction or survival, but simply random by-products的歧意
(D) 正确，but are表明了but在这里只能作为连词,构成be not… but (be)…的平行结构
(E) because of +动名词形式,表达不够有效
3）.有个complied by。。。。我选的是加with的
Comply: to obey or conform to something such as a rule, law, regulation, or wish
Comply with，含义“服从，遵从”
Complied by不是固定搭配，by+人名可以是被动，表动作的发出者，大家遇到时再仔细看看原题是怎么问的~~~
The factory was closed for failing to comply with government safety regulations.
The rule must be complied with.
1.【出方告】
4）记得有一个是什么he requested 人物甲 be appointed /be appointed to/that is appointed to什么的，be appointed to那个，不好意思了，语法没怎么看过，所以真的记不住
①Request
以下动词宾语从句需要用虚拟语气：都要省略should。
表示建议：advocate/advise/move/recommend that ... do ...
sb. suggest/propose that ... do ...(如果是物作主语就不需要虚拟，动词是“暗示”的意思)
表示命令：order/decree/mandate/command/demand/direct that ... do ...
表示要求：request/require/insist that ... do ...
②Appoint
a) 及物动词，后面直接加职务名词（双宾语）: appointed her the chief operating officer of the company
【例PREP 07-1-85 正确句子】
In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations with an audacity never matched by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman
b) 【朗文】 to choose someone for a position or a job :
appoint somebody to something
He’s been appointed to the State Supreme Court.
appoint somebody to do something
A committee was appointed to consider the plans.
appoint (somebody) as something
O'Connell was appointed as chairman.
1.【乔冠楠 720 M51V35】
5）.想起一道语法，纠结很久的，划线部分，一个句子，一个句子，选项有as much as, inasmuch as(inasmuch 是啥，真的中间没有空格，顿时石化，大家考证下吧）为什么有两个逗号的句子啊，前一个要选连词但是我也不知道选哪个……
【白勇语法第二章 as用法】:
inasmuch as:既然，由于，因为；
【小蓝正确句子】
Legend has it that when the Mohawk Joseph Brant was presented to George III in 1776, he proudly refused to kiss the King’s hand, inasmuch as he considered himself an ally, not a subject.
【OG12-59的解释】： “In that” is a conjunction that means “inasmuch as”
类似的一个insofar as：在…..的范围内
【V2】
我考试碰到那道题了 原题大概是考such... that句型 inasmuch as那个我记得是错的
选项是：
A such...that
B such...that
C such...inasmuch as
D such...so that
E such... so that
所以直接AB里面选了
【考古】 As much as, ------------------
选项有 A. as much as
B. as a whole
C. In as much as
D. As such
E. On a whole
6）.In Contrast of xxx...，某某某云云... (选项里有用unlike代替之类的)
Contrast知识点【来源：PREP解释+OG】
i. In contrast with x, y; In contrast to x, y可接抽象名词和具体名词，前后比较对象一定要对等
In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.
ii. Unlike/like可接抽象名词和具体名词，前后连接的结构要对称平行
Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.
iii. In contrast of: PREP,OG里都没有出现过这个词组，另OG里指出As contrasted with是错的
【补充】
i. (as) compared to/with省略了主语和系动词，即 A be compared with/to B，前后比较对象一定要对等。常见的错误用法有：将 compare 用作主动(when compare…; comparing…)，比较对象
ii. Contrary to：contrary to放在句首,后面必须加上idea, belief等抽象名词修饰主句,不存在比较双方的问题
iii. Similar=like，different from=unlike，但是similar to和different from一般不可放在句首
iv. Whereas 比较两种 situations or events 结构要对称平行
7）.平行的：某某某的任务是to setting up ....and to干嘛干嘛的（用的是动词原型）。（选项里有to +doing的满足平行要求，个人选的是这个）
2.【yink218】
10）.连考了两题 including的
涉及including的GWD题目，可以当做练习
①GWD-3-Q3:
A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.
A. which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing
B. which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing
C. which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of
D. including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing
E. including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of
A、B、C which修饰不清, Which不能指代前面整个句子，修饰population错误。与requiring不平行;E，没有形成与requiring的平行
D is the best，平行：establishing ...., closing , and requiring
②GWD-28-Q37
Roughly one-half of the world’s population, including virtually all of East and Southeast Asia also, is wholly dependent on rice to be its staple food.
A: including virtually all of East and Southeast Asia also, is wholly dependent on rice to be
B: including virtually all of East and Southeast Asia, is wholly dependent on rice as
C: virtually all of East and Southeast Asia as well, wholly dependent on rice as
D: which includes virtually all of East and Southeast Asia’s, being wholly dependent on rice as
E: which includes virtually all of East and Southeast Asia also, is wholly dependent on rice to be
A用as。including有also的含义; C缺少谓语动词is；D ‘s多余，being因该用is E
also，to be错
答案：B
11）有一道是说 After she died....., XXXX had created the .....啦之类的，后半段划线，有个比较混淆。 时态问题。 开头要用人名毋庸置疑，但是两个差别在于一个过完时态，一个是过去时态。
①GMAT中使用过去时态的标志【白勇语法】
after the civil war, in1933, two years/days/weeks ago, last year, from 1985 to 1989
originally
②完成时：since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/over the last year可以用现在时也可以用完成时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现在是否还有影响，而last year用过去时)
12）考主谓一致比较多。然后就是 with 独立主格 与 -ing 伴随的选择。 重点就这几个
【PREP独立主格，分词短语伴随知识点】
①独立主格结构做伴随状语：
独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等
With 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
由“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当
【练习题GWD-4-17】
Although the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined.
A. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its
B. the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its
C. many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country and its sales increased dramatically, the restaurant company's
D. having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically, the restaurant company's
E. recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically, the restaurant company's
考点：
题目释义 逻辑表达 平行对称
1. 逻辑主语，prep+doing, svo. doing的逻辑主语等于主句主语。
2. 代词指代，its应该指代the restaurant company
选项分析：
A. Correct。
B. has recently added… and its sales increased时态不平行，发生在同一时间且不同主语的事情应该补全时态，并且前面是has，后面是have，则后面的have绝不可省。
C. its指代模糊；many new restaurants have recently been opened没有体现出动作的发出者，使得句意含糊。
D. having recently add的逻辑主语应该是the restaurant company，但本句成了the restaurant company’s sales；with伴随状语发生时间不定，根据伴随主句的原则，应该是与主句发生时间一致，错误。
E. adding与having逻辑主语成了sales错误；having adding变为adding，having had改为having，时态的更改引起句意的不合理
n account of, because of, despite (in spite of), as a result of, due to之后只跟简单的名词短语。若其后面跟的是动名词或名词所有格+动名词短语(sb’s doing),或名词短语之后用一复杂的现在分词来修饰时或后面跟动词的抽象名词形式,应改为与其相同意义的连词because, although等引导的从句形式。