GM童鞋的独有Argument模板

july_0112

（一）首段：复述文章的大意
方法：1）将文章的结论说出来，或者是一个reasoning的conclusion，或者是一个plan
        The passage/author of the passage argues/claims/suggests that...
        In order to...,the...proposes a plan/recommends that....
注意：特殊的情况——plan包含很多的条款，则在第一段重点阐述事件的来源和措施的目的。
      2）讲清楚如何reach the conclusion或者制定plan的reasons或者解决问题的具体solutions
•        how to reach the conclusion  
      To support the claim/assertion/prediction/conclusion....,the author of the passage cites certain statistic/the outcome of a survey.（引数据、调查型）
      To suppor the claim/assertion/prediction/conclusion....,several reasons are provided. （给原因型）
•        how to reach the plan
      According to the author, the recommendation is provided on the basis of the following reasons:
      Firstly,....；Secondly,....；Also,....；And finally,...
•        具体解决问题的solution
      即上文讲到的特殊情况
      The company/city/community faces the difficulty that....(As a consequence,.....)To solve the problem, the author of the passage recommends that....Several solutions are included in the reccommendation of the author.Firstly,....；Secondly,....；Also,....；And finally,...

july_0112

（二）第二段：承上启下，指出文章的论证有问题
     However, the reasoning of the passage is problematic for the following reasons, leading to the lacking of credibility in the agurment：

july_0112

（三）第三段：针对文章的第一个论点、论据或者原因、措施，从多个角度（假设错误，有其他原因，非必然因果关系，错误类比，论据的真实性，论据的不充分性，事物的变化性等）给予反驳

july_0112

（四）第四段：针对文章的第二个论点、论据或者原因、措施，从多个角度（假设错误，有其他原因，非必然因果关系，错误类比，论据的真实性，论据的不充分性，事物的变化性等）给予反驳

july_0112

（五）四五段：针对文章的第三个论点、论据或者原因、措施，从多个角度（假设错误，有其他原因，非必然因果关系，错误类比，论据的真实性，论据的不充分性，事物的变化性等）给予反驳

july_0112

（三）、（四）、（五）会涉及到的句子
注意：以下所有的内容都必须加入与原文相关的内容。
     1）假设错误：The argument depends on a unreasonalbe assumption that….
     2）有其他原因（或措施）：The author holds the belief that A is solely responsible for B / A is the solely solution to B, which is groundless. As a matter of fact, there are many other reasons that contribute to B. For example, ……. In addition,…… Also……  As the author neither demonstrates that those factors cannot result in B, nor provides evidence to show that A is more essential than those factors as a prerequisite to B, it is unconvincing to claim that A can lead to B. The author comes to his conclusion without deliberat investigation or consideration to other possible explanations for B.
     3）非必然因果关系：（分成三种类型：先后发生不能代表有因果关系；同时发生不能代表有因果关系；因果倒置）
     The author in the passage argues that there is a correlation between A and B for a causal relation. Nevertheless, …..（接下面的三种句型）
        先后发生不能代表有因果关系：
思路提示：作者提到A发生在B的前面，但是我们不能以时间顺序判断因果关系。举例子，在bussiness zone里面建shopping centre。
As the author mentioned, A happened before B took place. As a result, he assumes that A may cause B. However, the reasoning can not hold water, since we can never judge causal relationship according to the chronological order. For example, a city builds a new shopping centre in a bussiness zone, and then there is an obvious increase in consumers going to the bussiness zone. Yet, it is artribary to say that it is the new shopping centre that brings the rising in consumers, because the city may probably build the shopping center to meet the demand of the increasing pressure to the bussiness zone from the growing population and costomers go shopping in the zone.
        同时发生不能代表有因果关系：
思路提示：作者提到A和B同时发生，但是我们不能以时间顺序判断因果关系。举例子，长高和长痘痘的关系。
As the author mentioned, A and B happened at the same time. As a result, he assumes that there is a causal relationship between A and B. However, the reasoning can not hold water, since we can never judge causal relationship according to the chronological order. For example, little Tom is growing taller and taller and simultaneously gets blain. But it is undoubtedly unreasonable to say that blains on his face stems from the growing height of him.
        因果倒置：算了，这个就不写了，太扯了。。受不了。。
例证非必然因果的论述之后，可以接着写有其他原因：
As a matter of fact, there are many other reasons that contribute to/result in/lead to B. For example, ……. In addition,…… Also……  We can clearly find that the author fails to investigate or even consider other possible explanations for B. As the author neither demonstrates that those factors cannot result in B, nor provides evidence to show that A is more essential than those factors as a prerequisite to B, it is unconvincing to claim that A can lead to B. The author comes to his conclusion without deliberat investigation or consideration to other possible explanations for B.

july_0112

4）错误类比：Provided the vast differences, such as…..&……and so on, between A and B, it is highly doubtful that ….. （关于A的） is/are also applicable to B. If we apply…. （关于A的） toughly to B, we might find obstacles that prevent the further and better development of B.
     5）调查、数据类证据的有效性：The author cite the outcome of the survey to strenghen his argument, whereas the survey itself lacks/ the results lack credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to his argument. My reasons are as follows:
     Firstly,….（样本的代表性）
     Secondly,….（抽样框问题）
     等等等等
     6）事物的变化性：The author fails to consider that the solutions which are applicable to the current situation may not be efficient as time go by. As the old saying goes,”The only thing that keeps unchange is change.”As a consequence, we can never expect that… continue to….

july_0112

7）一般对特殊（过度概括）：The author attributes a characteristic of a small amount of sample to a larger amount of sample as a whole. While it may be true that…., this is not true to…..
     8）数字变化皆相对（变化程度的相对；数量、质量的相对；比例、绝对数的相对；范围的相对）：
     是这么个意思，比如说“在过去的一年中，全州有70%的工人的工资增加了，5000个新的就业机会被制造”
     反驳就说：
     Although 70% of the state’s workers have experienced the increase in their wages, the author didn’t provide avidence to show us whether the living costs in the state is also raising at he same period. In fact, the raise in the living costs may be much higher than that in wages, so the workers in the state may find more difficult to make a living. What’s more, while 5000 new work opportunities are created, there may be a larger amount of workers becoming unemployment because of the declining in the economic in the state.

july_0112

9）充分条件、必要条件和充要条件：
        充分条件：有它就足够 The author in the passage believe that 信号词：By doing A, B will happen. / To…, need
反驳：有它还不够 To solve the problem, doing A merely is never enough.给出其他补充
        必要条件：没它就不行The author believe that without/unless/only… can…
反驳：没它照样行 However, the goal of …. can be achieved by not doing…, but doing….给出其他补充

july_0112

（六）第六段：总结段
   （针对普通的论述） In conclusion/All in all,the argument is not persuasive as it stands.To make the argument more logical and more credible, the author have to consider the evidences used to bloster the conclusion more comprehensively and more carefully. What's more, the arugment will be more solid if the author take ....into account.
   （针对提建议） In conclusion/All in all, the recommendation is misleading for there are lots of logical mistakes in the arthor's reasoning. To provid a better solutions and to reach the A's goal, more consideration should be taken account. What's more, the advisor of the plan might have considered the whole situation faced by the A comprehensively.