Bestwish

28.去年冬天有200个州立大学的学生去州政府抗议政府消减这个大学的各种项目费用，但由于其他的12000名大学似乎这个问题不感兴趣，他们或者呆在校园，或者休假。由于200人相对于12000来说，不具有代表性，所以州政府可以不用理睬学生的抗议。
The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:
“This past winter, 200 students from Waymarsh State College traveled to the state capitol building to protest against proposed cuts in funding for various state college programs. The other 12,000 Waymarsh students evidently weren’t so concerned about their education: they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Since the group who did not protest is far more numerous, it is more representative of the state’s college students than are the protesters. Therefore the state legislature need not heed the appeals of the protesting students.”

1.        代表学生的形成方式不知道。如果是随机产生的，那么去反对的学生完全可以代表学生总体。
2.        没去的学生不一定不关心。他们可能有更重要的事情要忙。例如要赶回家过圣诞节。有已经订好的寒假计划等等。
3.        此外，没去的学生之所以没有去很可能是因为他们觉得那些代表足可以代表他们表达心声。

1，        没有投诉不代表没有不满。很可能学生以其他的方式发泄不满意，比如absent the class, leave the school earlier, 等等。One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is that。。。很可能他们已经知道了学生去protest了，所以才没有去。
2，        200名学生不具有代表性的说法不对。很可能是被推选出来的elected to represent the entire students。缺乏根据的论证，错。
First, the author assumes that because only one-tenth of the students took part in the protest, these students’ views are unrepresentative of the entire student body. This assumption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for example, that the protesting students were randomly selected from the entire student body, their views would reflect the views of the entire college. Without information regarding the way in which the protesting students were selected, it is presumptuous to conclude that their opinions fail to reflect the opinions of their colleagues.
Second, the author cites the fact that the remaining 12,000 students stayed on campus or left for winter break as evidence that they are not concerned about their education. One obvious rejoinder to this line of reasoning is that the students who did not participate did so with the knowledge that their concerns would be expressed by the protesting students. In any case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical connection between the students’ alleged lack of concern and the fact that they either stayed on campus or left for winter break. Without this connection, the conclusion reached by the author that the remaining 12,000 students are not concerned about their education is unacceptable.

Bestwish

29.argument 是一个百货 做调查 加了一个 phmancy销量提升20% 所以得出结论 顾客更看重购物的方便性，所以应该 。。。 然后应该 增加new department 以增加 competitive advantage
[v2] AA:一个grocery shop去年增加了pharmacy section就导致了sales increase20%，所以一个人就说customers like one-stop shopping。 因此，要增加profit就要增加repair 还有一个什么部门（不记得了），还有什么什么两个部门。。。
[v3] AA. The total sales increased 20% after adding a pharmacy totheir grocery store. Because the customers like convenience of one-stopshopping, the manager thinks they should put clothing department to a hairsalon or restaurant…..
The following is part of a business plan created by the management of the Megamart grocery store:
“Our total sales have increased this year by 20 percent since we added a pharmacy section to our grocery store. Clearly, the customer’s main concern is the convenience afforded by one-stop shopping. The surest way to increase our profits over the next couple of years, therefore, is to add a clothing department along with an automotive supplies and repair shop. We should also plan to continue adding new departments and services, such as a restaurant and a garden shop, in subsequent years. Being the only store in the area that offers such a range of services will give us a competitive advantage over other local stores.”

The management of the Megamart grocery store concludes that adding new departments and services is the surest way to increase profits over the next couple of years. They are led to this conclusion because of a 20 percent increase in total sates, realized after the addition of a pharmacy section to the grocery store. On the basis of this experience, they concluded that the convenience of one-stop shopping was the main concern of their customers. The management’s argument is faulty in several respects.
In the first place, the management assumes that the increase in total sales was due to the addition of the pharmacy section. However, the only evidence offered to support this conclusion is the fact that the addition of the pharmacy preceded the increase in sales. But the mere fact that the pharmacy section was added before the increase occurred is insufficient grounds to conclude that it was responsible for the increase. Many other factors could bring about this same result. Lacking a detailed analysis of the source of the sales increase, it would be sheer folly to attribute the increase to the addition of the pharmacy section.
In the second place, even if it were the case that the increase in total sales was due to the addition of the pharmacy section, this fact alone is insufficient to support the claim that adding additional departments will increase sales even further. It is quite possible that the addition of the pharmacy section increased sales simply because there was no other pharmacy in the vicinity. The additional proposed departments and services, on the other hand, might be well represented in the area and their addition might have no impact whatsoever on the profits of the store. In other words, there may be relevant differences between the pharmacy section and the additional proposed sections that preclude them from having a similar effect on the sales of the store.
In conclusion, the management’s argument is not well-reasoned. To strengthen the conclusion, the management must provide additional evidence linking the addition of the pharmacy section to the increase in total sales. It must also show that there are no exceptional reasons for the sales increase due to the pharmacy section that would not apply to the other proposed additions.

Bestwish

30.AA 大概是讲一个调查说这个城市的人开始想健康饮食了，然后一种有机食品商店是健康饮食的一个因素，然后么一个GYM说要在里面也建那个商店，给出理由是什么大的连锁还没进来，要快点建，然后要在其三家GYM都扩展这个业务什么的，这样一来会增加利润之类的。  有心的人去考古一下吧，不过我没找到...
[v2] AA是 a manager of a gym points out 现在人们都比较注重健康食物 特别是ORGANIC的 所以他建议 他们的GYM连锁店里应该ESTABLISH GROCERY STORE卖ORGANIC FOOD， THEREFORE， THE PROFIT OF XXX GYM COMPANY WILL INCREASE。

Bestwish

31.argument是说一个航空公司经营不善，原因一定是油价上涨和增加了一些新的航线两者之一或者都有，然后对比别的航空公司，因为别的航空公司也面临了油价上涨，但是没有经营不善，所以一定是增加的新航线导致的，因此，这个航空公司应该eliminate新的航线，从而增加profit
[v2] AA:某航空公司的PROFIT下降了。去年油价上升，而且公司开通了5条新航线。其他COMPETITOR的PROFIT却上升了。所以说，油价不是PROFIT下降的主要原因，而新开的航线导致了PROFIT下降，所以应该取消新开的航线来增加PROFIT.
[v3]AA  航空公司那篇好像寂静里有了 说A公司去年利润下降，两个原因导致 1是油价上涨 2是A公司开了5条新航线。由于其他航空公司也面临油价上涨，所以A公司如果想让利润上升就要关掉新开的航线

Bestwish

32.那个AA米有遇到过，是说一个地方过去五年平均房价double但是平均stock price decline所以说市民们未来五年应该都去买房子，这样既可以享受住房的舒适又可以增值

Bestwish

33. AA: University Hospitals
The following appeared in an article in the health section of a newspaper:
“There is a common misconception that university hospitals are better than community or private hospitals. This notion is unfounded, however: the university hospitals in our region employ 15 percent fewer doctors, have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients, make far less overall profit, and pay their medical staff considerably less than do private hospitals. Furthermore, many doctors at university hospitals typically divide their time among teaching, conducting research, and treating patients. From this it seems clear that the quality of care at university hospitals is lower than that at other kinds of hospitals.”
In this argument the author concludes that university hospitals provide no better care than private or community hospitals. The author bases this conclusion on the following claims about university hospitals: the ones in this region employ 15 percent fewer doctors; they have a 20 percent lower success rate in treating patients; they pay their staffs less money; they make less profit than community hospitals; and they utilize doctors who divide their time between teaching, research and treating patients. This argument is unconvincing for several reasons.
The most egregious reasoning error in the argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to university hospitals in this region as the basis for a generalization about all university hospitals. The underlying assumption operative in this inference is that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals. No evidence is offered to support this gratuitous assumption.
Secondly, the only relevant reason offered in support of the claim that the quality of care is lower in university hospitals than it is at other hospitals is the fact that university hospitals have a lower success rate in treating patients. But this reason is not sufficient to reach the conclusion in question unless it can be shown that the patients treated in both types of hospitals suffered from similar types of maladies. For example, if university hospitals routinely treat patients suffering from rare diseases whereas other hospitals treat only those who suffer from known diseases and illnesses, the difference in success rates would not be indicative of the quality of care received.
Finally, the author assumes that the number of doctors a hospital employs, its success rate in treating patients, the amount it pays its staff, and the profits it earns are all reliable indicators of the quality of care it delivers. No evidence is offered to support this assumption nor is it obvious that any of these factors is linked to the quality of care delivered to patients. Moreover, the fact that doctors in university hospitals divide their time among many tasks fails to demonstrate that they do a poorer job of treating patients than doctors at other kinds of hospitals. In fact, it is highly likely that they do a better job because they are more knowledgeable than other doctors due to their teaching and research.
In conclusion, the author’s argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument the author would have to demonstrate that university hospitals in this region are representative of all university hospitals, as well as establishing a causal link between the various factors cited and the quality of care delivered to patients.

Bestwish

34. 作文：The following appeared in an editorial from a newspaper serving the town of Saluda.
“The Saluda Consolidated High School offers over 200 different courses from which its students can choose. A much smaller private school down the street offers a basic curriculum of only 80 different courses, but it consistently sends a higher proportion of its graduating seniors on to college than Consolidated does. By eliminating at least half of the courses offered there and focusing on a basic curriculum, we could improve student performance at Consolidated and also save many tax dollars.”
Discuss how well reasoned . . . etc.
In this editorial the author recommends that Saluda’s Consolidated High School eliminate half of its 200 courses and focus primarily on basic curriculum in order to improve student performance and save tax revenues. The author’s recommendation is problematic for several reasons.
To begin with, the author assumes that the only relevant difference between Consolidated and the private school is the number of courses offered by each. However, other relevant differences between the schools might account for the difference in the proportion of their graduates who go on to college. For example, the private school’s students might be selected from a pool of gifted or exceptional students, or might have to meet rigorous admission standards whereas Consolidated’s students might be drawn from the community at large with little or no qualification for admission.
Next, the author assumes that the proportion of students who go on to college is an overall measure of student performance. While this is a tempting assumption, its truth is by no means obvious. If student excellence is narrowly defined in terms of the student’s ability to gain access to college, this assumption is somewhat reasonable. However, given a broader conception of student excellence that takes into account student’s ability to learn and apply their knowledge to new situations, its is not obvious that college admission is reliable indicator of performance. For example, students in non-academic disciplines could conceivably perform at high levels within these disciplines but nevertheless be unable to meet college admission standards.
Finally, the author assumes that savings in tax revenues will result from the reduced costs of funding the paired-down curriculum. This is not necessarily true. For example, it could turn out that both programs serve the same number of students and require the same number of classrooms and teacher.
In conclusion, the author has not made a convincing case for the recommendation to eliminate courses at Consolidated and focus on a basic curriculum. To strengthen the conclusion the author would have to provide evidence that Consolidated and the private school were sufficiently similar to warrant the analogy between them. Moreover, the relationship between student performance and college admission and the mechanism whereby savings in tax revenues would be accomplished would have to be clarified.

Bestwish

35.AA: 某國的national park因為周圍的工廠導致污染嚴重，旅游業下降，經濟學家發現在national park下面有很多礦，可以把national park打造成mining industry，從而政府可以從mining company的稅收來盈利，mining company也可以提供給以前在naitonal park工作的人mining的工作。所以這個提議是好的。
[v2] AA．（我看的JJ里还没有，是OG上的吗？我没有看OG 的作文题目）
是一个ECONOMIC ADVISOR写给POLITICAL LEADER的信。内容是：一个W什么的NATION 以往主要依靠旅游业，现在由于它的一些NATIONAL PARKS的吸引力下降，旅游业的REVENUE有下降的趋势。但是幸运的是最近在它的有些NATIONAL PARKS里探明有矿藏。ADVISOR建议允许在这些NATIONAL PARKS里开采矿藏。好处是纳的税能增加政府的REVENUE，同时还能给那些失去工作的旅游业从业人员提供就业机会。另外，就算不允许在公园里开矿，旅游业收入也还是要下滑的。

Bestwish

36.说一个cell phone manufacturer， 要买一大批很贵的material 因为怕以后买价格会涨

Bestwish

37.一个神马地方开了一家神马Theater，一家Pizza店，一家golf club,过去两年的record显示这三家店的营业额都增长了，所以应该再开另外三家店：1家pizza，1家golf，还有1家神马忘了。除了这些，应该让这三家公司进到一个神马program里头，如果customer选了任何2个的话，可以get discount on the third one.
The following appeared as part of the business plan of the Capital Idea investment firm:
“Across town in the Park Hill district, the Thespian Theater, Pizzazz Pizza, and the Niblick Golf Club have all had business increases over the past two years. Capital Idea should therefore invest in the Roxy Playhouse, the Slice-o’- Pizza, and the Divot Golf Club, three new businesses in the Irongate district. As a condition, we should require them to participate in a special program: Any customer who patronizes two of the businesses will receive a substantial discount at the third. By motivating customers to patronize all three, we will thus contribute to the profitability of each and maximize our return.”