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1.3.4 妇女财产
V1 by gzpeva
第一段讲1860年在 England 什么的 ,有种变态的法律,妇女结婚之后,她的财产property归她老公, 不管die还是什么
第二段  讲这个law 在后来做了些变化, 但是变化后, (或者赶在这个law变化的时候)一下子有很多妇女die了  不好意思,生词较多,印象不深了

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1.3.5 妇女政治地位
V1 by angellmason
1920左右妇女的政治地位的,说那段时间妇女的政治地位很高,但是却没有投票权。是因为有个啥组织(类似于妇联吧),因为不是政府机关,所以没有腐败等啥问题,也能很有效的去lobby,后来就不流行了,好像,然后说妇女有政治权利了,却没有办法让一个啥法案通过,证明没有这个妇联还是不行滴,所以说后来又兴起了。(大概意思,题目实在记不住,觉得题目比文章本身要难,好多相似的选项啊,吐~~~)
V2 by clair1024
US妇女的政治权利 有个mother组织在妇女还没有vote 权利的时候领导大家 解决各种问题 如legislation。后来1920后 妇女有vote权利了 但是政治影响却不如以前了 (有题问为什么)
V3 by onlybm
是jj里有的,讲妇女的政治地位。讲1920年妇女没有投票权,但是通过一个叫xx mother的组织来影响投票。说这个mother组织有两个作用,一个是lobby legistration 还有一个忘了。
第二段讲为了控制妇女对立法的影响,通过了一个叫xxx act的。后来好像说没有达到应有的效果,说这个act在几年后的重新审议上被否决了。

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1.3.6 古代女性工作
V1 by Dolphin623
关于1500年之前的女性工作地位,新老观点的,说以前历史学家认为1500之前的比后来的要好,现在发现并不是这样,1500之前的女性工作地位也不怎么样。
   很清楚记得最后一段说,预期反对,有两个人观点与文中不同,但这两个人的观点都有一些错误,其中一个人忽略了什么(用得fail to..),另一个人虽然表面上说什么什么,但这个人的例子都是支持文中反对他自己的观点的(就是他自己的例子与他自己的观点不符合)。最后一段有题。

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1.3.7 服务业妇女就业
V1 by C擦亮眼
   有个很长四段的。第一段就提出一个最近有研究表明这个妇女就业一般less payment,和 low 地位在工业等啥行业。问题来了,服务业妇女就业人数增多,会不会使这种状况改变呢。然后说现在有三个scenario。第二段讲一种scenario。什么open..持肯定态度。第三段第二个scenario,也是有个名词,不记得了,但是不许深究的。虽然说肯定了第一个scenario这样子。但是更focus(这里出来题)..第三个好像完全持否定态度。但是作者结尾处举了个事实然否定了这个观点(这个地方也出题了)..——这个文章很长,而且当时没什么时间了,所以我理解可能不是很完整。大家参考一下就好了。

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1.3.8 美国 technology innovation
V1 by suomiliisa
考了一篇美国是不是要technology innovation 来提高竞争力。。。

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1.3.9 男女工作比例
V1 by ansianchou
第一段说女人从事着地位薪水低的工作,但是战后(好象是说战后)有可能改变这种局面,提供了三种approach,分别是2,3,4段
第二段:第一种approach:说女性工作地位会提高
第三段:第二种approach:说不是女性工作提不提高的问题,而是男人的工作就要不保,因为以前男人有优势是应为体力工种比较多,男人有优势,但是现在服务业的兴起,男人的体力不再有优势,而且服务业长期以来本身就是以女性居多
第四段:第三种approach:说女性工作地位不会有变化(不会提到),但是however之后,对该观点否定

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2.        Natural Science Division
2.1 Geography & Geology
2.1.1 Shell mounds
V1 by PPfighting
比较短,两段吧。讲一个神马地方有一种shell mounds(土堆),这个一直是考古学家考察的一个热点,然后说考古学家认为这个shell mounds是早期住在这儿的人为了避免late wet season的影响,有干的地方而搭建的。
第二段是对这个观点表示怀疑,反驳说shell受环境,温度 etc.的影响,shell会因为季节的变化会变地方,因此mounds是不是应该在不同的地方呢?或者每个mounds的shell是不是不同类的呢?还有一个因素是同一个mounds的内部环境也不同,同一个mounds里面应该也有不同的shell。结果显示shell的分布不是这样,题目不太记得了。。。最后一篇做的时候时间比较紧,可能不一定看得很懂。
V2 by cloverfield
Shell Mounds那篇。不长,两段,三个题。之前那位考古的同学找到的文章挺对的,尤其是第二段。文章讨论的是Australia的某个地方。
考古 (未确认)by gavensc
Old Boundaries and New Horizons: The Weipa Shell Mounds Reconsidered.
Based on Bailey's research it is clear that the mounds are commonly composed of over 90% of the cockle (蜊)shell, Anadara granosa, a claim that is partially supported by my own recent fieldwork on mound groups on the north Mission River (Morrison 2001. See Figure 1). Mounds have been noted to occur in a variety of locations including within mangrove forests, on exposed sand dunes and beach ridges, but more commonly on the fringes of Eucalyptus tetradonta woodlands and on open samphire plains and saltpans. In terms of their physical nature, the mounds range from as low as 0.20 m in height through to massive, almost monumental ridges of shell several hundred metres long and up to 13 metres high. More commonly mounds are around 2-6 metres in height, and occur as parts of clusters containing up to 15 other mounds.
很清楚丘一般由90%蜊壳组成,这能部分地支持我的研究。丘之前已经发现在一些地方有,但更常见的是在林地边缘和平原盐田。丘的物理性质方面,从小到大都有。更常见的丘是2-6米高,出现在一个包含高达15个其它丘的集群。
Bailey has consistently argued that shell mounds were the result of small groups of people exploiting the local environment on a yearly basis during the late wet season. He suggested that these groups deposited shell in mounds in order to provide themselves with dry campsites that were above the waterlogged or flooded ground common in coastal areas during the late wet season. He believed that mound distribution was determined by the desire of people to camp as close as possible to the resources they were using. However, it was the way these groups adapted to prevailing environmental conditions that influenced precisely where they would camp. For example, he hypothesised that if the weather was windy and stormy people would retreat to shell mounds that were slightly more inland, on the fringes of the Eucalyptus tetradonta woodlands. Conversely, during fine weather these groups would move out onto the saltpans and coastal plains, occupying mounds closer to the resources they were exploiting.
贝利一直说shell mounds是来源于一小群人每年在潮湿季节开发利用地方环境。贝利认为这些人是为了找干的露营地。贝利认为丘的分布是由人们找露营地离可用资源近决定的。(贝利的看法:人决定丘的分布)但是,正是这些人适应当时环境的方式影响了他们露营的地方。(作者的看法:环境决定了人住哪)
例子(用贝利的例子来证明作者的观点):天气不好的时候,人们撤到内陆的林地边缘住;相反的,天气好的时候,人们就搬到盐田和沿海平原)。

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2.2 Biology
2.2.1鸟类飞行
V1 by skipbeat
关于鸟类飞行的原因,有两个理论,一个是“ arbor” (词忘了,就是树的意思)是说鸟类最初是从爬树慢慢进化到会飞行的。举了个例子, A鸟,我估计是始祖鸟,说他是鸟类的祖先,但是没有任何迹象表明这种鸟是会爬树的。还有很多小动物也会爬树,爬树和XX是不一样的,所以"a"理论似乎不行第二段另外一个理论,鸟类是从跑步计划到飞行的,又举了小动物的例子 。。
V2 by clair1024
BIRD 飞行那篇 完全考古
问了professor 假设A会爬树那题;削弱科学家对A的理论——A生活的环境都是small plants ;有题问行文结构的
考古 by zhepeking(未确认)
Two opposing scenarios, the “arboreal(生活在树上)” hypothesis and the “cursorial”(适于奔跑的) hypothesis, have traditionally been put forward concerning the origins of bird flight. The “arboreal” hypothesis holds that bird ancestors began to fly by climbing trees and gliding down from branches with the help of incipient(刚出现的) feathers: the height of trees provides a good starting place for launching(起飞) flight, especially through gliding. As feathers became larger over time, flapping flight evolved and birds finally became fully air-borne. This hypothesis makes intuitive(直觉的天生的) sense, but certain aspects are troubling. Archaeopteryx(始祖鸟) (the earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully adapted for perching(栖枝). Perhaps some of them could climb trees, but no convincing analysis has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs(前肢), and there were no plants taller than a few meters in the environments where Archaeopteryx fossils have been found. Even if the animals could climb trees, this ability is not synonymous with gliding ability. (Many small animals, and even some goats and kangaroos, are capable of climbing trees but are not gliders.) Besides, Archaeopteryx shows no obvious features of gliders, such as a broad(宽的) membrane(膜) connecting forelimbs(前肢) and hind limbs(后肢).
两个相反的假说:生活在树上 和 适于奔跑的,都是传统的关于鸟类飞行的观点
生活在树上:直观感觉,但某些方面困扰
例子:始祖鸟:没有明显住树适应性,没有令人信服的分析。几米以上的树上都没有找到始祖鸟的化石。就算会爬树,也和滑翔能力不是同义的。举例子山羊长颈鹿等小动物也能爬树但不能滑翔。身上也没有明显的滑翔物特点。
The “cursorial”(running) hypothesis holds that small dinosaurs ran along the ground and stretched out(伸出) their arms for balance as they leaped(跳) into the air after insect prey or, perhaps, to avoid predators. Even rudimentary(未成熟的) feathers on forelimbs(前肢) could have expanded the arm’s surface area to enhance lift slightly. Larger feathers could have increased lift incrementally, until sustained flight was gradually achieved. Of course, a leap into the air does not provide the acceleration(加速度) produced by dropping out of a tree; an animal would have to run quite fast to take off. Still, some small terrestrial animals can achieve high speeds. The cursorial hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that the immediate theropod dinosaur ancestors of birds were terrestrial, and they had the traits needed for high lift off speeds: they were small, agile, lightly built, long-legged, and good runners. And because they were bipedal(双足), their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, which cannot be said for other reptiles(爬行动物) of their time.
适于奔跑的:Even未成熟羽毛能稍微加强上升,大羽毛能增加上升。跑特快才能起飞。鸟类的直接兽脚亚目恐龙祖先是陆生的,他们很小,动作敏捷,轻盈,长脚,跑的快。
Q 3: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins ofbird flight
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
C. correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
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Q 4: The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
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Q 5: Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 6: The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees

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2.2.2大型动物
V1 by leila413
大型动物近年在北美灭绝,可能进化成了相同的小型动物,保守的生态学家想引进大型动物环境变化可能是原因 大型动物对平衡生态好,控制是草类动物数量一些反对的人认为这会破坏当地生态,因为大型动物是外来物种,可是作者认为不会的,因为这些大型动物和北美本地的物种有相同的基因

考古by rebecca_wang(已确认)
V1
P1: 建议引进大型动物,因为会对生态有好处。(由于某些原因在美洲的一些大型动物灭绝了,但是其他地方还有,就想引进他们改善恶化的生态系统)
P2: 引进的好处(主要是举目前生态环境的现况,比如small 动物多什么的,已经了就会减低他们,切大象推倒一些树木对一些小动物居住有益)
P3:引进的好处,具体很多动物的例子(elephant lion )有 一道考题问下面什么动物的引进会带来经济 benefits (而不是生态benefits)我用了5分钟也没找到这个经济benefits。大家看到经济的要注意了。也可能不在这一段。
P4:有人要反对了。(说以前的大型动物和现在的不像,现在的不能在这住。支持者就说根据DNA检验,可以啊(有结构题,问DNA出现的作用——就是证明它们可以在这生活; 又有人反对说现在和以前环境不一样了啊,支持者又说了(忘了)
V2
第一段,环境保护学家建议复活古代大型生物,说这样对现在的ECO SYSTEM很有好处。
2段, 举例非洲,说非洲的生态比较完善,因为物种之间达到了一种平衡。
3段, 说引进这种大型动物会给北美现在的生态带来哪些好处。 最后还说了还有经济上的好处,而且COST不高,只需要让那些大型动物在保护区内闲逛,就可以吸引很多观光客。
4段, 说引进大型生物带来的问题。可能没有环境保护学家想的那么乐观。

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2.2.3 动物灭绝
V1 by angellmason
关于动物灭绝的,说一个啥岛上,动物灭绝,可能是因为海底还是啥的生成二氧化碳过多???反正是举了个例子说个小岛的
考古 by nowwsy
V1 by 指尖墨痕
第一段:早起科学家认为是火山爆发导致了严重的地球气候变化最终引发了大批动物的灭绝。反驳:这个是有缺陷的,因为……一条理由。
第二段:提出了另外一种导致大批动物灭绝的原因:海平面下降。
海平面下降导致了大量水生动物外曝,从而消耗了比以前更多的氧气,最终使得二氧化碳量增多,水中溶氧量下降,接着导致了水生生物的濒危。当然可能伴随着火山爆发导致了最终大量动物灭绝,而要结合起来看这两个原因,不仅仅是由火山爆发决定的。                                
主题题:文章结构
主题题:作者认为是什么导致了大批动物的死亡?
细节题: 作者认为海平面下降最初导致了什么?
V2by geminist(770)
传统认为某个历史时间段内物种的大量灭绝是火山爆发的原因,但是作者做任何一个火山绝对没有这么大的威力可以造成这么多生物灭绝。然后第二段阐述了他的理论。那段时间海平面下降了,一些海洋类生物的栖息地于是被暴露出来。然后空气中的氧气减少,造成了酸雨啊什么的,生物们就差不多奄奄一息了。然后在这一系列的自然变化下,火山也爆发了,对生物灭绝雪上加霜。
题1:作者认为火山爆发对生物灭绝起了什么作用?
我的答案是:是所有因素当中的一个
题 2:最早是什么让在某地的海洋生物的栖息地暴露出来的?
我的答案是:海平面的下降
V3 by 棉花团团(760)
P1 科学家有观念认为某段时间里面的某些物种的灭绝是跟火山暴发有关。然后写了那个时期的(可能是某一次,不记得了)火山爆发对环境的影响,产生dust遮天蔽日之类。However,作者认为,这样的一次(或者这样规模)的火山暴发是不足以产生这样的效果的(P2挺长的,没有仔细看,生词很多,但是很简单。讲当时有某个大陆板块在动,跟旁边的大陆撞在一起,引起了海平面的下降,(考点)大陆架上的生物就暴露在水面外了。后面说了这些环境变化 引起了什么厌氧还是喜氧的生物的变化,恶性循环,大气里面氧气含量减少,co2变多,加上火山暴发引起的酸雨等等乱七八糟很多的因素,造成了生物的灭绝。逻辑其实挺强的,但是实在太复杂了,很多科学名词,看的时候觉得很有道理,但是回忆不起来了,考点不难
1). 大陆架的生物expose出来的最早的原因是什么,选:海平面的下降
2). 划线句有题:问什么可以strengthen这个说法,选在这个时期的晚些时候,发生了差不多magnitude的火山暴发,并没有引起相同的结果
V4by 同济的卡卡(700 V32)
题目主要有:
1). 大陆架的生物expose出来的最早的原因是什么,选:海平面的下降
2). 作者认为火山爆发对 生物灭绝起了什么作用?
3). 划线句有题:问什么可以strengthen这个说法,选在这个时期的晚些时候,发生了差不多magnitude的火山暴发,并没有引起相同的结果
V2
第一段讲关于物种灭绝的学说,有人认为是火山的大规模爆发(volcanism)导致物种的灭绝。但是有人提出异议,规模再大的火山爆发本身不足以导致物种的灭绝。
第二段讲另一种观点是海平面下降引起的。(好像提到了冈瓦纳古陆,古代几个大洲连在一起的那片大陆的名字)因为海平面下降,导致海边浅滩上的一些有机的物质 (可能包括一些动植物的遗迹)裸露在空气中,这些东西被氧化后,极大的耗费了水中的氧气,导致水生生物遭殃了(可能连带坑害了陆生生物);后来火山又喷发,排放了大量二氧化碳,导致了温室效应,于是陆生生物也遭殃了。后来海平面又回升了,于是原来在岸边苟延残喘的生物跟着遭殃了。            
问题:火山喷发对生物灭绝的作用?我选了有作用但只是起了一部分作用,不是起了最关键作用。
V3
extinction of creatures在某个时代以为是volcanism,但发现海平面drop也是一种原因。问题:以下选项中哪一个在文中没有给出论证?选海平面 drop,A选项。主题?A new hypothesis of ...,好像选A; volcanism的作用?responsible for the extinction, but only one of those forces, 选E;

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