GMAT逻辑复习资料-逻辑大全分类-Inference/Conclusion

大豆

大全-5-18.        Radio interferometry is a technique for studying details of celestial objects that combines signals intercepted by widely spaced radio telescopes. This technique requires ultraprecise timing, exact knowledge of the locations of the telescopes, and sophisticated computer programs. The successful interferometric linking of an Earth-based radio telescope with a radio telescope on an orbiting satellite was therefore a significant technological accomplishment.
Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?
(A) Special care was taken in the launching of the satellite so that the calculations of its orbit would be facilitated.
(B) The signals received on the satellite are stronger than those received by a terrestrial telescope.
(C) The resolution of detail achieved by the satellite-Earth interferometer system is inferior to that achieved by exclusively terrestrial systems.
(D) The computer programs required for making use of the signals received by the satellite required a long time for development.（E）
E是答案无疑。问题问你那个选项能从原文推出来。E不仅仅是从原文最后一句推出。原文说这个技术需要准确知道（eaxct knowlege of）the locations of the telescopes，这个telescopes不但包括Earth-based radio telescope，也包括radio telescope on an orbiting satellite 。因为最后一句说这技术要将Earth-based radio telescope 和radio telescope on an orbiting satellite 联系起来。既然所有的radio telescope的准确位置都知道，当然他们的相对位置也知道了。而且E还很严密的说这种知道的程度是就interferometric目的而言，并不是要精确到多细就多细。
(E) The location of an orbiting satellite relative to locations on Earth can be well enough known for interferometric purposes.

大豆

大全-5-19.        Recent estimates predict that between 1982 and 1995 the greatest increase in the number of people employed will be in the category of low-paying service occupations. This category, however, will not increase its share of total employment, whereas the category of high-paying service occupations will increase its share.
If the estimates above are accurate, which of the following conclusions can be drawn?
(A) In 1982 more people were working in low-paying service occupations than were working in high-paying service occupations.
(B) In 1995 more people will be working in high-paying service occupations than will be working in low-paying service occupations.
(C) Nonservice occupations will account for the same share of total employment in 1995 as in 1982.
(D) Many of the people who were working in low-paying service occupations in 1982 will be working in high-paying service occupations by 1995. （A）
低收入职位的人数增多得最多，但在被雇佣人中所占比例没有增加。然而，高收入群体所占的比例增加了。从这可以看出低收入人群的基数很大所以在人数增长最多的情况下比例会不变。
举个例子：100个被雇佣的人，70个低收入，30个高收入。如果低收入增加了30个，高收入增加了20个，那么高收入所占比例增加了，但增加的绝对人数没有低收入的高。
这类题目用排除法更快些。
(E) The rate of growth for low-paying service occupations will be greater than the overall rate of employment growth between 1982 and 1995.

大豆

大全-5-20.        For a local government to outlaw（宣布…为非法）strikes by its workers is a costly mistake, because all its labor disputes must then be settled by binding（有法律约束力的） arbitration, without any negotiated public-sector labor settlements guiding the arbitrators. Strikes should be outlawed only for categories of public-sector workers for whose services no acceptable substitute exists.
对于一个地方政府来说，宣布他的工人罢工非法是一个costly mistake，因为这样所有劳动纠纷必须通过仲裁来解决（仲裁费用高）。
The statements above best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Where public-service workers are permitted to strike, contract negotiations with those workers are typically settled without a strike.
(B) Where strikes by all categories of pubic-sector workers are outlawed, no acceptable substitutes for the services provided by any of those workers are available.
(C) Binding arbitration tends to be more advantageous for public-service workers where it is the only available means of settling labor disputes with such workers.
(D) Most categories of public-sector workers have no counterparts in the private sector.（C）
原文意思：因所有劳动纠纷必须通过有约束力的仲裁解决，而仲裁员又没有政府部门已达成的协议作指导。（仲裁过程持久，成本会很高），故宣布罢工非法，则解决纠纷成本高。（因罢工非法，则只能仲裁，而仲裁成本又高），罢工非法只适应那些工作不能由别的来代替的公务员。
原文即：只有两种方法解决纠纷（注意原文的ALL，即所有纠纷必须通过仲裁，除非罢工）：仲裁，罢工。仲裁成本高。公务员罢工非法。
C、对于只有一种合法方法可解决纠纷的公务员，选择仲裁更有利（因罢工非法，又没有第三种方法，在犯法与合法之间选，当然选合法了。考试不会叫你去违法）
(E) A strike by workers in a local government is unlikely to be settled without help from an arbitrator.

大豆

大全-19-2.        Mechanicorp’s newest product costs so little to make that it appears doubtful the company will be able to sell it without increasing the markup the company usually allows for profit: potential clients would simply not believe that something so inexpensive would really work. Yet Mechanicorp’s reputation is built on fair prices incorporating only modest profit margins.
新产品成本很小，这个公司通常按比较低的利润率来定价，它的声誉也就是建立在价格公道上。但是，如果定价太低，潜在客户不会相信这么便宜的东西会有用，所以，不提价又卖不出去。
所以,如果M公司想要把产品卖出去,就一定要提价,而因为COST低,提价后价格不再公道,所以会损害公司声誉.(归纳题,常用排除法)
The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following?
(A) Mechanicorp will encounter difficulties in trying to set a price for its newest product that will promote sales without threatening to compromise the company’s reputation.
(B) Mechanicorp achieves large annual profits, despite small profits per unit sold, by means of a high volume of sales.
(C) Mechanicorp made a significant computational error in calculating the production costs for its newest product.
(D) Mechanicorp’s newest product is intended to perform tasks that can be performed by other devices costing less to manufacture(A)
(E) Mechanicorp’s production processes are designed with the same ingenuity as are the products

大豆

大全-18-13.        Canadians now increasingly engage in “out-shopping,” which is shopping across the national border, where prices are lower. Prices are lower outside of Canada in large part because the goods-and-services tax that pays for Canadian social services is not applied.
Which one of the following is best supported on the basis of the information above?
(A) If the upward trend in out-shopping continues at a significant level and the amounts paid by the government for Canadian social services are maintained, the Canadian goods-and-services tax will be assessed at a higher rate.
assess: to calculate the amount or value of sth.估算,估定.
如果out-shopping继续,在social services不变的情况下(这是个前提,如果social services增加,tax还是可能增加的),tax就会继续减少. 要维持税不变,只能提高税率.
(B) If Canada imposes a substantial tariff on the goods bought across the border, a reciprocal tariff on cross-border shopping in the other direction will be imposed, thereby harming Canadian businesses.
(C) The amounts the Canadian government pays out to those who provide social services to Canadians are increasing.原文没提到
(D) The same brands of goods are available to Canadian shoppers across the border as are available in Canada.(A)
(E) Out-shopping purchases are subject to Canadian taxes when the purchaser crosses the border to bring them into Canada.

大豆

大全-18-15. Left-handed persons suffer more frequently than do right-handed persons from certain immune disorders, such as allergies. Left-handers tend to have an advantage over the right-handed majority, however, on tasks controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain, and mathematical reasoning is strongly under the influence of the right hemisphere in most people.
左撇子比右撇子更容易产生免疫系统失调,比如过敏. 然而在由右脑控制的活动中,左撇子比右撇子有优势,而其受右脑影响的数学推理能力也较强.
If the information above is true, it best supports which of the following hypotheses?
(A) Most people who suffer from allergies or other such immune disorders are left-handed rather than right-handed.
(B) Most left-handed mathematicians suffer from some kind of allergy.
(C) There are proportionally more left-handers among people whose ability to reason mathematically is above average than there are among people with poor mathematical reasoning ability.
数学推理能力高于平均水平的与水平低的两组人群中,左撇子在前者中所占的比例大于在后者中所占的比例.
(D) If a left-handed person suffers from an allergy, that person will probably be good at mathematics.(C) allergy与mathematical reasoning有没有关系原文没说.
(E) There are proportionally more people who suffer from immune disorders such as allergies than there are people who are left-handed or people whose mathematical reasoning ability is unusually good.无此对比

大豆

大全-16-15.        In the course of her researches, a historian recently found two documents mentioning the same person, Erich Schnitzler. One, dated May 3, 1739, is a record of Schnitzler’s arrest for peddling without a license. The second, undated, is a statement by Schnitzler asserting that he has been peddling off and on for 20 years.
off and on/on and off：from time to time断断续续地，不时地
大意：历史学家在研究中发现两份提到同一个人S的文件：1739年的文件记录了S曾因无照peddling而被逮捕；另一份没有日期的文件中S声称他已经peddling了20年的。
The facts above best support which of the following conclusions?
(A) Schnitzler started peddling around 1719. 原文不知何时开始peddling
(B) Schnitzler was arrested repeatedly for peddling. 错在repeatedly
(C) The undated document was written before 1765.
如果写于1765年以后，比如1766年，那么说明S自1746（1766-20）年开始peddling，如果这样，1739年是不可能有记录的。
(D) The arrest record was written after the undated document.（C）
错在没证据证明1739年前，S已repeatedly20年了
(E) The arrest record provides better evidence that Schnitzler peddled than does the undated document. 错在原文没比较
The 1739 document referred to indicates that the latest possible date Erich started peddling without a license is May 3, 1739. So if the second statement says 20 years, it should be before 1759 (1739+20), which is the latest possible year. So C is right.
A tip for this question is that for conclusion type of question, you can use "negative", the same approach for assumption question. Use "neg" on C, "The undated document was written after 1765." Considering the "...off and on for 20 years" in the statement, the earliest possible year that Erich started peddling should be around 1745. You can see that it contradicts the first document. Then C is right.

大豆

大全-15-13.        Biometric access-control systems—those using fingerprints, voiceprints, etc., to regulate admittance to restricted areas—work by degrees of similarity, not by identity. After all, even the same finger will rarely leave exactly identical prints. Such systems can be adjusted to minimize refusals of access to legitimate access-seekers. Such adjustments, however, increase the likelihood of admitting impostors.
Which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by the information above?
(A) If a biometric access-control system were made to work by identity, it would not produce any correct admittance decisions.
(B) If a biometric access-control system reliably prevents impostors from being admitted, it will sometimes turn away legitimate access-seekers.(C) Biometric access-control systems are appropriate only in situations in which admittance of impostors is less of a problem than is mistaken refusal of access.(D) Nonbiometric access-control systems—based, for example, on numerical codes—are less likely than biometric ones to admit impostors. (E) Anyone choosing an access-control system should base the choice solely on the ratio of false refusals to false admittances.

大豆

大全-13-14.        Among the more effective kinds of publicity that publishers can get for a new book is to have excerpts of it published in a high-circulation magazine soon before the book is published. The benefits of such excerption include not only a sure increase in sales but also a fee paid by the magazine to the book’s publisher.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?
(A) The number of people [for whom seeing an excerpt of a book in a magazine provides an adequate substitute for reading the whole book] is smaller than the number [for whom the excerpt stimulates a desire to read the book].要静下心来读选项，把握句子结构，提炼信息。
看过节选就可以替代阅读整本书的人数比看过节选激起了读整本书的渴望的人数要少。销量上升说明买书的人多，即看了广告之后要读全书的人多。
(B) Because the financial advantage of excerpting a new book in a magazine usually accrues to the book’s publisher, magazine editors are unwilling to publish excerpts from new books.
(C) In calculating the total number of copies that a book has sold, publishers include sales of copies of magazines that featured an excerpt of the book.
(D) The effectiveness of having excerpts of a book published in a magazine, measured in terms of increased sales of a book, is proportional to the circulation of the magazine in which the excerpts are published.(E) Books that are suitable for excerpting in high-circulation magazines sell more copies than books that are not suitable for excerpting.
这是一道很好的例题. 它的选项有迷惑性在于不止一个选项读上去是正确答案. 实际上, 根据所问问题, A,B,D,E都可能是正确答案. 这也是我认为做CR不能单凭直觉的原因. 因为平时做了很多真题, 看了很多答案, 如果不认真理解对错的原因, 而是凭对正确答案的"脸熟", 此题很可能误选.
推论题(inference)一般可以用取非来做. 即取非后原结论不成立. A为答案. A的意思是读完摘录的人中, 更想买此书的人数要大与看了摘录就不想买此书的人.取非后, B1不成立, 则结论错.

此题关键在于问题. 是结论或推论.
首先认真读题: 第一句(A), 可能是结论, 说在high-circulation的杂志上excerpting soon before publishing有效; 第二句是premises: increased sales (B1)和fees paid by M (B2). 所牵涉的事物: books, soon before it is published, high-circulation Mag, icreased sales, fees.

下面我解释一下其它选项:
B看上去是削弱题(weakean, cast doubt)答案. 但我认为不是. 这正体现了ETS的tricky. 由B本身不能反驳原文的逻辑关系A-->B1 and B2. 既, 即使杂志不情愿刊登, 此逻辑关系依然hold. 如果把原题改动一下, 结论变为:A-->在杂志上刊登摘录是一种很popular的方法, 则Bweaken. 因为杂志不愿意刊登, 所以popular的可能性小.
D是support题型的答案. 和A一样, 含有数学概念, 也极象正确答案. 但是我在以前的回复中讲过, 数学概念稍微复杂一些, A是很绝对的比较,N>M, 而D是间接的比较N=rM. 如果此等式不成立(取非),原结论成立吗? 当然. 如果N=M+p, 结论一样成立. 所以不是inference
E也象正确答案, 但是它是weaken结论:所有书在杂志上excerpt后都卖得一样好. 和原文无关.

还有，做ＣＲ时不要跳跃式阅读，要抓住每个关键的名词，动词，形容词和副词．比如此题中的状语soon before it is published完全可以据此出一题：weaken 答案：人们在临近书发行时看到excerpt就不想买了．
我的建议是:读懂文章，找到相关事物，分析选项．

大豆

大全-13-16.        For a trade embargo(贸易禁令) against a particular country to succeed, a high degree of both international accord(条约,协议) and ability to prevent goods from entering or leaving that country must be sustained. A total blockade(全面封锁) of Patria’s ports(口岸) is necessary to an embargo, but such an action would be likely to cause international discord over the embargo.
The claims above, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?
(A) The balance of opinion is likely to favor Patria in the event of a blockade.无
(B) As long as international opinion is unanimously against Patria, a trade embargo is likely to succeed. 逆命题，错
(C) A naval blockade of Patria’s ports would ensure that no goods enter or leave Patria.无
(D) Any trade embargo against Patria would be likely to fail at some time. 要embargo成功，有两个条件：1、high degree of both international accord；2、total blockade。
对P的total blockade会引起international discord，即条件1不成立，所以embargo无法成功。
(E) For a blockade of Patria’s ports to be successful, international opinion must be unanimous.
blockade与international accord之间，即两个必要条件之间的关系，没提。