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11. “Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”

Admittedly

仅想结果确实不能成功

   Thinking only about getting results and neglecting specific task cannot lead to success.

   Every success must be achieved through getting specific task well done. Only think without doing, or not doing seriously, can achieve nothing. Nobody will seriously think that an executive can lead the whole company to get rid of trouble without taking specific actions such as cutting cost, reducing staff and so forth.

   Focusing on specific tasks can help people know the problem more thoroughly and prevent people from drawing unpractical decision.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, we should only focus on the specific tasks and do not think about getting results at all.

1，目标指导具体行动

   Only if we know what we want to achieve can we make the decision that which kind of specific tasks should we do.

2，细节容易失去方向

   And if we neglect the results, it is highly possible for us to lose the correct direction of doing specific tasks, leading us to a reverse way.

12. Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career. As one of the most obvious ways to judge capacity, monetary benefit is more a mental need rather than a physical one.

Admittedly

工资确实重要

   Financial gain is an important factor in choosing a career.

   People are not living in a fairy tale. Everything in our daily life needs money. Financial gain we get from our job is the base of our life. If we earn a lot from the job, we can buy things necessary or pretty for persons we love – parents, friends, teachers, and so on.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.

还有很多其他重要的因素

   However, there are some other factors play important roles in making job decisions.

   Facts such as chance for promotion, training, work environment, corporate culture and reputation, welfare other than financial form are all factors important in choosing a career.

   Take Vincent Van Gogh as an example. If he transfers to other career for monetary consideration, there will be no such beautiful scenes as starry night and sunflowers shining forever in our art history.

My opinion

The best career is the combination of special interests and financial benefits.

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13. “You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”

My explanation

In other words, a nation’s advertisements can reflect the character of the nation, the religion people in that nation believe in, and so on.

Admittedly

广告有时确实可以反映一个国家的偏好

   Advertisements sometimes can reflect a nation’s preference.

   For example, in most nations of eastern Asia, a plethora of advertisements for cosmetic which can make skin appear white reflects a societal preference for white skin, while in most nations of Western Europe, a proliferation of ads for sport-utility vehicles reflects a societal concern for outside-door sports.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, ads can reflect the real idea of a nation.

广告只能反映表面的东西

   Ads can only reflect superficial phenomenon, rather than reflect real thoughts or culture of a nation.

   Actually, ads are methods of business only to persuade the consumers to buy their products. In truth (adv. 事实上,的确,说实在的,实际上,本质上), adds mirror only the business and product ideas of companies whose goods and services are advertised and the creative ideas of advertising firms.

Some people will say that public-interest advertisements do present ideas held by particular segments of society, for example, the environmental and other public-health interest groups. However, these ads constitute a negligible percentage of all advertisements, and they do not necessarily reflect the majority’s view.

 Moreover, advertisements look very much the same in all countries - Western and Eastern alike. Does this suggest that all nations have essentially identical ideas? Of course not.

My view

It appears that advertisements fail to accurately mirror a nation’s ideas.

14. All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.

Admittedly

确实对国家和个人都有好处

   Public service, a main approach to show social responsibilities, benefits both the county and the participants.

   On the one hand, it is good for the county or the nation. First, mandatory（义务的） social work can increase human resource. Since the wage for social work is much lower than other jobs, only a few people are willing to take part in it. Moreover, extensive participation may draw attention of the whole nation so that decrease the expense on the maintaining.

   On the other hand, public service is good for the participators. As Flaubert (the great novelist) said, ‘The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft.’ Public service can help the individuals to realize the duty of their social work and can help them to communicate more.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, all citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service.

反作用

   When it becomes a burden and stress to the participants, public service harms not only individual performers but also entire society. Problems such as cost of enforcement, reduction of efficiency, increase of abhorrence all will result in an adverse effect.

My view

Since mandatory social work may stimulate emotion of repellence, it should be used in a careful way.

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15. Business and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.

View1: efficiency comes from work divisions. In today’s business world, it is unpractical for one person to accomplish an entire program. Actually, only every competent person finishes one part of the mission, entirely whole program get done.

View2: An organization is not simply put competent people together but combine them to form an organic integrity, thus induce higher efficiency and productivity.

1，个人的作用是不能忽视的。a, 工作最后是由每个人完成的。b, 优秀的个人会带动和帮助其他同时。

2，但是，这不是说团队的重要性就少了。a, 任务很复杂，没有人能够单独完成一个复杂的task不要其他人的合作，团队可以使人们有效地发挥擅长的地方，提高效率。b, 团队合作激发出potential。因为团队可以互相启发。inspire甚至科技研究这种高度独立的工作，也需要科学家互相讨论，激发思想。

3，在工作中不能忽略任何一种力量，团队合作不是抹杀个性，个体的强调也不应该脱离团队。

16. It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.

Admittedly

确实剥夺了人们的私人生活

   Various facts such as cost of living, growing population, and increasingly scarce resource all contribute to a radical competitive society, forcing people to work longer hours.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, people cannot achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of personal lives.

1，健康的身心促进工作

   A fulfilling personal life guarantees a healthy mind and energetic body which enhance professional performance.

2，有一个有趣的事业反过来也帮助丰富个人生活

   Having a joyful career to devote to also in turn helps to ensure a fulfilling personal life.

3，不一定牺牲最重要部分

   If to achieve professional success must have something to sacrifice, the things may not necessarily be the important aspects of personal lives.

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17. With the increasing emphasis on global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.

Admittedly

世界公民的身份正变得越来越重要

   People’s role as citizens of the world is become more and more important in the modern society.

   Nowadays, people have to consider many international problems as citizens of the world rather than as citizens of a particular country. These problems may include environmental problems, energy problems, and so on. People should responsible for the whole world, not merely for a particular nation or country. If people act as citizens of a particular country, they are quite likely to shift the burden and threats form one nation to another. For example, some countries export garbage, while others import large amount of wood from developing countries.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, people should discard or weaken their role as citizens of one nation.

没有作为国家公民的意识，就不能在世界舞台上立足

   Without the awareness of being citizens of a particular country, people will find no roots to behave on the stage of the world.

  My view

These two roles, national and international, are not mutually exclusive alternatives. They can be properly combined.

   Take the preservation of traditional culture as an example, when people preserve their national unique culture as citizens of a particular country, actually, they make positive effort to the international diversity of culture.

18.The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.

Admittedly

1， 高道德会赢得名誉和信任

Supporters of this assertion may assume that highest standards of ethics will win reputation and trust.

First, companies with high standards of ethics manufacture high-quality products and service, and have a stable share of the market.

Second, companies with high standards of ethics earn a high degree of job satisfactory from their employees so that they will attract those applicants with high ability and keep the employees loyal to the company.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, following the highest standards of ethics is the most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time.

1，最高标准很难界定

The definition of highest standards of ethics varies from person to person and time to time. Therefore, it is impractical to find and then stick to the highest standards of ethics.

2， 很多情况下，高道德不等于高效率

High standard of ethic does not equal to maximal profit.

Executives of companies may not complete the normal administration, such as raising the price, reducing the superabundant staff, if they follow the highest standards of ethics.

In sum, following such undue concern about ethics, the company may find it impossible to survive in the radical competitive market, let alone to gain large profit.

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19. “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’ permission.”

Admittedly

1，雇主对雇员的某些私人生活无权过问

   The privacy of some information of the employees' - such as marital status, race, religion and so forth - actually plays an important role in prohibiting the work inequity. And once the employers get that information above, they may be much more likely to maintain the perceived inequity using some excuse without being punished by the legislation.

 

Nevertheless, that is not to say, employers have no right to obtain all kinds of information about their employees.

1，员工的私人生活状况很可能影响工作效率

   Undeniably, such information of personal lives of employees as health condition is directly connected with the efficiency of work and the stable productivity. It is often easy for the job applicants to conceal the health condition; consequently, the employer who hires such applicants may be exposed to the risk of gaining the relatively lower productivity at the cost of a healthy employee. Inevitably（不可避免的）, the whole company would suffer from the potential lost without adequate information of the factors which have significantly negative influence on the employee's performance.

2，员工的私人生活状况很可能影响他人

Moreover, in many circumstances, to conceal（隐瞒） the significant information about the personal life of certain employees amounts to the ignorance of other people's security. Again we can take the health information for instance. Unless the employer can get enough information and then raise enough attention to it, those employees who carry the serious infectious disease may probably threaten the health of their colleagues.

My view

   It is necessary to get suitable amount of information of the employees' personal life for the purpose of maintaining stable productivity and protecting other staff's security, nevertheless, such right should never be abused to obtain those private information which is irrelevant to the working performance and do no harm to any other employees.

20. What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities among all people and place on Earth.

Admittedly

注重相似性确实重要

   It is very important for education to teach us unity. Since all nations interact with each other more and more thoroughly, no one is an island in the world.

   Unifying citizens from diverse backgrounds, ethnics, religious or political factions and wars may probably help realize improved cooperation, mutual altruism and finally harmonious humanity.

   Nevertheless, that is not to say, education should only focus on the similarities among all people and place on Earth.

认识到不同有助于合作

   While it is also important for education to teach us diversity in order to improve understanding and respect between nations.

   Democratic ideal of tolerance, educating people about diversity might even produce a unifying effect—by promoting understanding and appreciation among people from all backgrounds. Only know well can we respect well.

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21. Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.

Thesis sentence: while better control of physical work environment is likely to induce better work performance, the extent to which workers can design their own workplaces is restricted by work characters and company cultures.

Admittedly

员工意见应被重视

   Employees’ voices should be seriously considered during the design of their workplace.

Firstly, the immediate workplace of employees directly influences their emotion and therefore their morale and productivity. Through the participation in design, the employees could adequately take the factors influencing the productivity – such as the position of the computer on the desk the way the files be collected and the type of coffee machine - into account and consequently make the workplace more convenient and comfortable for them to executive the daily work.

Secondly, such policy would encourage the employees to realize that they are all valued as members of the whole company. Undoubtedly, corporation can gain the precious asset - loyalty from their employees.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, employees should have the undue power to decide all the design of the workplace.

1，工作特点

   Work characters have great influence on the design of workplace.

   Consulting company must avoid too much decoration in order to appear professionally and dependably while to some creative work such as AD agency and fashion design, the decorating of workplace is important not only for stimulating inspirations but also for showing creative abilities.

2，公司文化

   Also, design of workplace should be compromise on company culture.

   In many circumstances, the company should exhibit its collective culture (which would be destroyed by the inappropriate decoration of workplace by employees) to their clients to obtain reputation and trust. For example, the workplace’s union style would be disturbed by one pornographic picture of the employee.

22. No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or “get rich” in business by conforming（按照惯例地去做） to conventional（常规的） practices or ways of thinking.

Thesis sentence: Whether a conformist can achieve lasting success or "get rich" in business depends primarily on the type of business involved. Iconoclasts（打破常规的人） rise to the top in newer industries and in those where consumer demand is in constant flux（波动）. Conformists ultimately prevail, however, in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.

Admittedly

对于消费者决定的产业，确实要创新

   In consumer-driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crucial to lasting success.

   For example, in retail or media sectors, companies that fail to break away from last year’s paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.

Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation. (Franklin Roosevelt, American president)

Nevertheless, that is not to say, all kinds of companies should innovate all the time.

对于传统企业，创新不一定好

   However, in traditional service industries—such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care—lasting success and riches come not to nonconformists but rather to those who can deliver services most effectively within the confines of（在。。限制下） established practices, policies, and regulations.

   For example, Citibank gains high reputation for its insistence in comprehensively（彻底的） considerate services

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21. Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.

Thesis sentence: while better control of physical work environment is likely to induce better work performance, the extent to which workers can design their own workplaces is restricted by work characters and company cultures.

Admittedly

员工意见应被重视

   Employees’ voices should be seriously considered during the design of their workplace.

Firstly, the immediate workplace of employees directly influences their emotion and therefore their morale and productivity. Through the participation in design, the employees could adequately take the factors influencing the productivity – such as the position of the computer on the desk the way the files be collected and the type of coffee machine - into account and consequently make the workplace more convenient and comfortable for them to executive the daily work.

Secondly, such policy would encourage the employees to realize that they are all valued as members of the whole company. Undoubtedly, corporation can gain the precious asset - loyalty from their employees.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, employees should have the undue power to decide all the design of the workplace.

1，工作特点

   Work characters have great influence on the design of workplace.

   Consulting company must avoid too much decoration in order to appear professionally and dependably while to some creative work such as AD agency and fashion design, the decorating of workplace is important not only for stimulating inspirations but also for showing creative abilities.

2，公司文化

   Also, design of workplace should be compromise on company culture.

   In many circumstances, the company should exhibit its collective culture (which would be destroyed by the inappropriate decoration of workplace by employees) to their clients to obtain reputation and trust. For example, the workplace’s union style would be disturbed by one pornographic picture of the employee.

22. No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or “get rich” in business by conforming（按照惯例地去做） to conventional（常规的） practices or ways of thinking.

Thesis sentence: Whether a conformist can achieve lasting success or "get rich" in business depends primarily on the type of business involved. Iconoclasts（打破常规的人） rise to the top in newer industries and in those where consumer demand is in constant flux（波动）. Conformists ultimately prevail, however, in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.

Admittedly

对于消费者决定的产业，确实要创新

   In consumer-driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crucial to lasting success.

   For example, in retail or media sectors, companies that fail to break away from last year’s paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.

Eternal truths will be neither true nor eternal unless they have fresh meaning for every new social situation. (Franklin Roosevelt, American president)

Nevertheless, that is not to say, all kinds of companies should innovate all the time.

对于传统企业，创新不一定好

   However, in traditional service industries—such as finance, accounting, insurance, legal services, and health care—lasting success and riches come not to nonconformists but rather to those who can deliver services most effectively within the confines of（在。。限制下） established practices, policies, and regulations.

   For example, Citibank gains high reputation for its insistence in comprehensively（彻底的） considerate services

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23. As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs, The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.

Thesis sentence: While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so

Admittedly

个人确实应该承担最根本的责任

   I agree that individuals must assume primary responsibility for adjusting to job obsolescence, especially since our educational system has been preparing us for it

Firstly, the problem of job obsolescence can never be overcome unless the workers realize the necessity of learning new technique and make adequate efforts to their adjustments. Otherwise, merely relying on the help from business or government, those workers who lose their jobs would eventually become passive in life and lose the enterprise of working and learning. Consequently, not only the workers but also the whole society will suffer from such negative effects.

Secondly, it is possible for the workers to learn new skills and keep up with the changes since many institutions have provided training for such skills as computer.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, businesses and government are not responsible for such job obsolescence

1，企业有责任

   However, industry should bear some of the responsibility as well.

After all, it is business that made such changes and therefore caused the unemployment. By providing necessary training, it is entirely possible to make the employees suitable for the new demand of skills and techniques which could in turn reduce the cost of training totally new workers.

2，政府也有责任

   Government should also assume some of the responsibility, since it is partly government money that fuels technological progress in industry.

Moreover, government should help because it can help—for example, by ensuring that federally insured student loans are available to those who must retool in order to find new work. Government can also help by observing and recording trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities, and by providing this information to individuals so that they can make prudent（谨慎的） decisions about their own further education and job searches.

24. If a nation is to ensure its own economic success, it must maintain a highly competitive educational system in which students compete among themselves and against students from other countries.

25.“A nation must maintain a highly competitive educational system — a system in which students compete among themselves and against students from other countries — to ensure its own economic success.”

Admittedly

竞争是人性重要部分

Competitiveness, an important aspect of human nature, can affect us in a positive way.

First, it can motivate us to reach higher and to produce more, and stimulate our potential to achieve greater success.

Second, competitiveness now exists widely over the whole world. Competitive educational system in school can help students to realize this point, and then get well prepared for it.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, education is only required to focus on competitiveness.

竞争的坏处

Although a little competition might produce desired results, in the long run too much competition will be destructive.

   Being competitive fixes our focus externally on marking and beating the progress of others with whom we compete. Such external motivation can direct our attention away from creative solutions to our problems, and away from important human values like cooperation and fair play (公平比赛, 公平条件). Indeed, a highly competitive environment can foster（助长） cheating and ruthless back-stabbing within an organization, and ill-will and mistrust among nations. In the extreme case, competition between nations becomes war.

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26. The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their simpler component parts. This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but contributes to the whole.

Admittedly

分工是个有效的方式

   Work division and assignment is an efficient way to get things done.

   First of all, workers with few highly specific skills are usually cheaper to hire than those with broader education and experience.

Secondly, it is less expensive to train employees in narrow areas.

Finally, strict compartmentalization (n.区分, 划分) of tasks makes it easier for managers to control employees, and, therefore, to control and increase productivity.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, merely dividing work among workers can assure the final accomplishment of the task.

1， 让员工觉得孤立

   Fragmenting work into small units leads to employee alienation（孤立）.

Those responsible for only a detailed component of a project can easily lose sight of larger organizational goals and their own importance in achieving them, and then become less committed to their work, and less productive.

In addition, the lack of overall conception may lead to adjusting difficulties.

2，阻碍合作

Moreover, Compartmentalizing tasks can stifle（阻碍） cooperation.  

My view

   Team work is not to simply add one component to another, but to organically conform all components together.

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27. “The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”

Admittedly

1，遵守道德标准的好处

To achieve long-term development, the business leaders should maintain a moderately high level of ethic. The obvious benefits of high ethical standards are countless.

Firstly, through ethical performance, one corporation can easily win reputation and trust from the customers – the most precious assets for business competition. The empirical evidences are overwhelming; yet one need go no further than the Bayer Company, one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world. Bayer suffered tremendous loss in ceasing its best selling medicine which might have potential negative effect on human beings. In the meantime, it also won great public reputation and trust, the financial benefit from which has been proved for years.

Secondly, high ethical standards will make the business leaders perform fairly in treating the employees. Consequently, the whole company would gain loyalty of their workers and therefore achieve higher productivity.

Nevertheless, that is not to say, maintaining the highest ethical standards is the most effective way for business leaders to achieve maximal profits.

Undue pursuit for the highest ethical standards may disturb the companies’ operating policy.

1，无法裁员

On the one hand, highest ethical standards require the business leaders to consider the personal lives of employees to the largest extent. That is to say, under such circumstances, the leaders would not be willing to reduce the quantity of employees even if the company should executive a cost-cutting policy. Inevitably, the whole company has to absorb the excessive labor cost and eventually lose the competitive advantage in the market.

2，遵守环保

On the other hand, the highest ethical standards will demand that the company follow the highest standard of environmental protection, which may also cause unnecessary cost in the production.

My view

In the final analysis, a moderate level of ethic is more likely to help a business leader become efficient than the highest. 

28. Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at present time.

29. “The overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the present time because of recent advancements in such areas as business and technology.”

Admittedly

Business and technology progress generate great efficiency and productivity which enable people to yield more abundant products which upgrade the quality of our life.

1，物质生活

   In the material life, the progress offers unprecedented diversity of service and products. For example, supermarkets which now exist everywhere have hundreds and thousands of products for people to choose.

2，方便

   The progress provides us more convenience ways to get things done. We can get information we need or order a dinner at home via internet.

  Nevertheless, that is not to say, the advance in business and technology has only the positive impacts.

1，忽略家庭交流

   People spend more time on television and internet, and thus overlook the necessary communication in the family, generating alienation among the family members.

2, 健康

   Workers of computers have spawned their own special illnesses and ailments, like severe eyestrain (眼睛疲劳), back and neck problems.

Improvement in business inevitably lead to much more construction of factories some of which pollute environment thus do harm to our health.

3，压力

   Along with the development of the business and technology, demands of customers changes every day, accelerating the job obsolescence. Thus, people suffer more pressure and anxiety.