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印度女作家的那本书的背景
Inner Courtyard (Aangan) : A Novel/Khadija Mastur. Translated by Neelam Hussain. New Delhi, Kali for Women, 2001, 274 p., ISBN 81-86706-45-8.
Book Description
"Narrated in the intimate anger of a young woman’s journal-keeping voice this novel explores the politics of sex and class through the lives of women compelled to live their lives in the seclusion of the inner courtyard or aangan. Set in thirties India, Inner Courtyard is the story of a dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out. Based on the interiority of women’s lives it explores realpolitik through the personal and political affiliations of one family." (jacket)
About the AuthorKhadija Mastur (1927-1982) was a member of the Progressive Writers' Association, formed by a group of left-leaning intellectuals in 1935. She wrote several collections of short stories and two novels. Khadija Mastur was born in 1927 in  Lucknow and grew up in a family that valued learning, reading and political dialogue. Mastur and her younger sister Hajira Masroor, worked actively for the Muslim League in 1946, and a year later, when Partition came along, her family migrated to Lahore, Pakistan. Khadija Mastur wrote in a simple but eloquent style. She the author of several collections of short stories and two novels, Aangan (The Courtyard) and Zamin (Earth). She was posthumously honored with the Baba-e-Urdu, Dr. Abdul Haq Award for her collection of short stories Thanda Meetha Pani (Cold, Sweet Water).
Inner Courtyard or Aangan, Khadija Mastur’s first published novel, written in 1952 over eight months, is Mastur’s best loved and most acclaimed fiction. Set in British India and moving in to post independence Pakistan, Aangan is the story of dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out. Based on the of women’s lives, the inner courtyard, it explores realpolitick through the diverse political affiliations of the members of one family. That it does so without espousing (支持,赞成)any one shade of opinion makes Aangan a politically sensitive and not a political novel (即提出了很多政治因素,观点,但是作者的态度是很中立的,没有评价和表态这些观点). Khadija Mastur deals with the theme of the Freedom Movement, not from the perspective of men but from the point of view of the women whose lives were changed radically by the decisions made by men in the public arena. It is a powerful novel built around female protagonists (主角)and the ways in which they mediate their space in society while condemned to the enclosed world of the inner courtyard, enmeshed in (使陷入)and sustained by strong familial ties and age-old customs.
作者原话:嗯,女作家那个考古版本三和我的出入比较大(原文和题目都不一样),其他都一样

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38. demographic censor
有点长 讲的是以前的一些demographic censor 对history information的一些影响吧 实在是记不起类容了 不过题目不难 看有没有考古 我再确认吧

41.两个人对某种现象认识(希望补充)
有篇说 2个人对某种现象的认识,第一段说2个的对比 第二段说第二个人的correctly,(作者是正态度)。 感觉重点将第二个的吧。(问题很烦,记不住了)

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42. universe constants
universe constants 不是人们只observation 到的只有only possibility solution,二段开头讲一个人发明了一个equation ,可以有许多的解,但是最终可能像人们观测到的只有一个solution
还有一个stiring theory(搞不清是不是记混了)

44.发展中国家和发达国家的service sector和manufacture industry
developing countries 的service sector 和manufacture industry 可以共同发展,不像developed countries 牺牲了manufacture industry 来发展service industry, 其中强调了government 对developing countries 这种发展的positive 影响。
1.        (1)主题
2.        有关PRIMARY的叙述哪项正确,我选它底子够厚足够可支持制造业的发展
考古(未确认)
说经济的三大部门(sector)中,服务业正在崛起,而农业和工业的情况正在下降,发达国家都是这样的,原因是消费者有钱以后的花费增大了,而消费者的消费偏好越来越向第三产业靠拢。第二段讲发展中国家不是这样的,它们三大部门都在增长,虽然服务业发展最快。以印度和巴基斯坦为例(居然没有提到中国,哼!),服务业发展最快,但农业和工业的发展只是相对慢,而实际并不减慢。作者最后提出了自己的解释:是政府的投资导致了工业和农业的发展速度没有减慢。稳步增长。
发展中国家服务业"
与DEVELOPED COUNTRY不同,DEVELOPING COUNTRY 的制造业和服务业可同时增长。虽然这些南亚国家的PRIMARY部分(如农业)有所DECLINE, 但其基础足够大,能够满足制造业发展所需的原材料要求。
G题目不难,问(1)主题(2)有关PRIMARY的叙述哪项正确,我选它底子够厚足够可支持制造业的发展 (3)忘了

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46. 动物group
有一篇讲的是 关于动物group的,有两段,第一段说传统在实验室里的理论是怎么样的,第二段说in the wild 动物的表现就跟实验室完全不同。最后说实验室的结论还是有可取之处,但是由于 conditions跟in the wild不同,所以出现错误。
1 有主旨题
2 高亮了最后的那个conditions 问是干什么的
3对比实验室跟野外观察的有什么区别
考古加背景(考过的同学可以帮忙看看)
这个有点象63篇里面的 Weddell seal
Passage 29 (29/63)
Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physiological behavior is different.
In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the pH of the seal’s blood, but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s bloodstream.
Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seal’s longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seal’s laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.
1.    The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?
(A) Observations of animals’ physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.
(B) It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.
(C) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when it is evading predators.
(D) The level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely to be lowest during those periods in which it experiences oxygen deprivation.
(E) The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.
2.    It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41), biologists mean that it
(A) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutes
(B) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its prey
(C) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wild
(D) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
(E) clears the lactic acid from its blood before attempting to dive
3.    The passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the pH of the Weddell seal’s blood is not adversely affected by the production of lactic acid because
(A) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic mechanism
(B) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the dive
(C) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(D) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream
(E) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time
4.    Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
(A) Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.
(B) The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
(C) The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during

its longest dives in the wild.
(D) Biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if the seals were not forcibly submerged.
(E) How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.
5.    According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?
(A) They fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate the increased production of lactic acid by organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism during its longest dives in the wild.
(B) They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.
(C) They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
(D) They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.
(E) They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.
6.    The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seal’s physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?
I.    A decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats
II.    A constriction of the seal’s arteries
III.    A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood
IV.    A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs
(A) I and III only
(B) II and IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) I, II, and IV only
(E) I, III, and IV only
7.    The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?
(A) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than twenty minutes.
(B) Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.
(C) Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(D) Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.
(E) Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.

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47. 妇女地位(希望补充,不知道和15篇是不是一样的)
法律和妇女地位的问题。以前的妇女婚后会怎样。。。后来法律做了相关修改,但是许多妇女没有受益,因为很多人已经去世(此处考点,问为什么相关法律修改后收效甚微,我选择就是很多人已经去世)

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48. 买电脑问题
V1讲电脑的。以前的电脑很好买。因为可以帮人做很多事情,但是后来逐渐买的人少了。可能是因为软件和硬件的问题。。。(跳过了,因为没有时间了。。。)电脑的Utilities和application之间有gap. 需要bridge the gap才是王道。最后用两个公司做了比对,第一个公司,作者大加赞赏,说他们很注意研究消费者的用电脑的习惯,不仅仅更新自己的软件,硬件,更能研究那些部分对人们的用途更高。第二个公司也有好的地方,但是他们。。。。(反正就是不好)
V2computer 购买力在 1980到1985上升,但是 by 1990年,消费者限制了在其上的消费。原因在于, the gap between what computers are capable of doing and imagination and engineering blabla, 然后指出,it should focus on how computers are used, rather than how computers are manufactured. 假设了两个公司,company 1 做的很好,调和这GAP, company 2 不好,虽然从technical角度来讲,做的很先进,但是不能通用,只能在自己的系统上用,所以2失败了。
题目: 1,company 2 需要哪些改进?
2,computer industry 出现了哪些问题?
V3. 电脑的软件和硬件
Hardware的development使得电脑变得越来越小。1980-1985年,由于software的发展,顾客愿意花非常多的钱来改装他们的电脑。但在1990年的时候,即便电脑硬件软件又发展了,顾客在这上面花的钱却明显少多了。为什么呢?因为电脑发展太快,使得顾客的需求饱和,而没有能力去使用它们。所以文章提出了电脑制造商要考虑的是怎么满足顾客的需要而不是怎么制造电脑。
作者又举了两个公司的例子:公司A呢bla bla bla(大致介绍了下优点),而公司B相比于A虽然有更好的制造能力,但它产的软件都只能适用于本公司的产品。B应该像A一样,将制造的软件运用于更多的computers。
V4
(1)    主旨:电脑制造商要考虑的是怎么满足顾客的需要而不是怎么制造电脑。
(2)    以下哪个对B的描述是正确的?我选虽然有很好的制造软件的能力,但不能适用于很多电脑。
(3) 1980-1990发生了什么? 大家注意,要选有转折词的那个。因为这里1980-1985是个时间段,1990又是个时间点。我选的是:开始顾客会愿意花很多钱买硬件软件但是后来几乎就没有人买了(好像选B)
(4) 题目: 1,company 2 需要哪些改进?
(5)     2,computer industry 出现了哪些问题?
V4.
80-85成上升态势, 85-90下降, 原因是计算机生产厂商忽略实际用户的需要, 产品"too powerful"但"utility"不足. 作者建议厂商对此有针对缘髡? 最后举例"company I"(正面)和"company II"(反面)对比支持其观点. -- 这篇记得是GWD中的, 大家可以找找看.
P1 IT行业,开始时硬件的发展缓慢限制了行业发展,到1980-1985年,硬件大发展,价格下降,因计算机utilization上升,销量上升,总利润和销售上升  (有题),P2 90年后硬件过度发展,但utilization到顶了,销售额下降,利润下降。P3 提出观点,计算机公司应弥补技术和应用之间的gap (有题)   P4 举了2个公司做例子,I弥补了gap,II技术先进  (有题),市场份额却小,因为软件只能应用于自己生产的电脑,I却能广泛应用。II要改进应用

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49. 对环境和受益的理解(高分题)
一个人说××与prime factor有关, 包括×××××。(这里不重要,因为重点是讲下一个人的观点)下一个人的观点雨上一个基本相同, 但是少了对财富的强调(考点)。解释了一下他的理论。然后就帮助人们决定人的capability与外部环境的什么什么(这里有一道类比题,答案我不是很确定)
这个阅读题分值应该挺高,因为在最后了,貌似到37题,所以我也没有时间仔细看。而我只做到39题时间就到了
记得一个主旨题:我选解释一个approach 来帮助解决什么问题。这个还是比较确定的
V2第二篇是说环境保护与一些factor 有个人认为与wealth 和social status影响了他们对于环境采取的措施。。貌似是有钱的人去保护环境 没钱没条件就不去?忘了原文怎么描述的了。。
另外一个人认为是更深层次的。第二个人的观点是主要观点。。
文章有问主旨 我选是recommend第二个人的观点
最后说环境问题跟engage in the related economic activities的一个什么关系。这里有个infer题目。说下列哪个最demonstrate这个关系。这篇阅读的最后一题。
1.记得一个主旨题:我选解释一个approach 来帮助解决什么问题
2. 然后有个考题问哪个选项能体现那个conflict
V1两段,大概是如何评估经济和环境,就是说保护环境要看是否能有经济效用之类的,说了一个什么评估的approach,具体想不起来了,其实没怎么看懂,而且这篇阅读做完后sc划线部分和句长都变短了……
V2第一篇:经济发展与生态环境的研究
第一段   因为经济发展和生态环境互相有影响,所以需要研究是怎样互相影响的。RJ这个人提出evaluate这种影响是based on "primary goods" such as opportunities, wealth之类的,然后MN这个人提出evaluate based on capability of people。段尾说虽然MN提出的capability跟primary goods有一部分重叠,但是在MN的理论中wealth和salary的作用相对较小,然后给出了MN对capability的定义
第二段 作者认为MN的观点能更好的阐述问题,因为分析人类经济活动对环境的影响最终要归咎到环境对人类的影响,当real conflict between social position and environment出现的时候能体现MN观点的优势,然后有个考题问哪个选项能体现那个conflict

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52. STM的顯微鏡 (估計應該是電子顯微鏡)(貌似和40题是同一题——忽然)
有两段共三题
第一段是在讲传统的显微镜有哪些缺点(应该是没仔细看因为没考点)
第二段是讲STM技术的出现(有highlight)
然后如何成像 应用到显微镜技术上
第一题细节题
问那一个"不是"电子显微镜成像的步骤
我选光透过孔径成像(没仔细看但是用常识判断这应该是传统显微镜)
第二题
问第二段一开始的highlight是什么作用
我选介绍新的技术还有混淆选项是弥补传统的缺陷之类的(可能有错)
第三题细节题问关于STM技术和显微镜何者为错误的
记不得了是我的最后一篇没空回文定位猜了一个

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53. 某个公园的小船数量的问题(貌似和45是同一题——忽然)
V2船(750)
1975年要去A岛(一个景点)有两种方式,private boat和chatared boat,1985年的时候这两种方式的船都增多了,作者推测是由于政府的tax credit造成的(这段感觉跟文章不怎么搭界)
第二段说因为船增多了所以boater应该会觉得crowded,但是boaters reported perception of crowdness decreased,预测可能是因为人们的norm, preference变了
第三段进一步展开那个预测,说因为很多人是买了private boat学习自驾去游览的新手,他们不熟悉skill和路线,所以更愿意去人多的地方,这样发生危险的时候可以求助
题:
1.问第三段的作用,选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
2.还有一道主旨题,我选分析一个unexpected phenomena的原因(这就是我说第一段跟全文好像没什么关系的原因,其他选项也都没有把第一段的内容概括进去的。。。)
3. 1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)
4. 1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)
5.以下哪个因素不会影响Boater对拥挤程度的感觉: 答案推测 – changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors
6. 是问关于那个政府的政策的说法,哪个是正确的。我选的是不仅仅适用于business boat。这个选项是比出来的答案,其他几个明显与文中相反
7. 第三个问题是问关于菜鸟boater的。记不清选项了
V3(750)
第一段讲1970年的时候,某个景区只有50几艘船,但是到了1985年左右,数量就到了200多艘,这些包括recreational的private boat和chartered boat。其中私人游艇增加了2倍以上。当地的旅游管理局还是什么的相关人士,在游船增加的初期对此问题表示了关注,怕过多的游船会导致当地僻静的景区收益什么的受到影响。但是调查发现,人们的perception of crowdedness并没有上升,反而下降了(有题考)。分析认为,是人们的norm,expectation等因素变化了。最后提出游船增加的主要原因是1970年初期,政府出台了一项税收政策,对那些购买游艇的人,可以减免税收。
第二段开始具体分析为什么游船增加了,但是游客的perception觉得less congested呢?熟悉这个景区宁静氛围的游客们都离开了,新来的游客对这里的expectation又不同(可能来景区之前就觉得会很多人,但是实际到了这里发现没有想象中那么拥挤,perception就给出了没有那么congested的错觉)。 同时sailing school招徕了不少新手学员,大家对游玩的路线什么的也不熟悉,可能反而觉得人多可以互相帮助。(但自始至终没有提到一个conclusive的原因,主旨题考到,又干扰选项)。
关于考古:应该就是这篇考古文了,大体内容都一样,很多关键词都是一致的,包括change in norms and preference of visiotors等等。但
是好像有一点变种,第二段和第三段的内容合并了。而且考古的考点我基本都没碰上。
地点的话,应该不是winsconsin,不过应该无差的吧。
考古(来自乔小桥)
以下考古 By XYXB
V1
第一段:Wisconsin州有个湖风景很好,从1975-1985间吸引了很多boater来explore,其中有private boat,也有charter boater. 这些年的繁荣归因于1970年出的一项政策----政府资助买船者credit。近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了.但事实相反, 去那里的游客不觉得the place becomingcrowded. 于是作者推测, 大约是由于changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors.(1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)
第二段:描述这样的change.解释这一现象可能是因为游客们并没有预期景点会非常的拥挤。说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救。后面讲湖越来越拥挤。
第三段:进一步推测没有预期的原因是景点有许多培训boater的生意不错,noviceboater来因为不知道去什么地方,也没有足够的准备和技能,所以大家容易在相似的地点抛锚啊什么的,这里有一个考点,问你novice boater为啥没有预期到拥挤,我选的答案就是他们没有被告知应该去什么地方划船,怎么划等具体信息。

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54. 出口,政府补贴
V1我的第一篇是关于经济学的,说的是有关 export,有的政府给出口企业补贴,并说这种政策 will continue。那没有补贴的企业怎么办,需要采取别的措施,例如教顾客如何使用和维护产品,及时送货,还有 reciprocal agreement(貌似是回购商品),这块有到细节题。
V2.先讲了现在有的国家会向出口企业发放补贴,支持出口,而有些国家则不支持。后面就主要谈没有国家支持的出口企业是怎样利用各种手段与那些有国家支持的企业竞争的。比如更好地服务,更全的产品,帮助顾客使用产品,向顾客购买产品。(这里有except题,选帮助顾客在本国销售其产品)后面还有什么记不太清了,不是很重要。文章不是很难,我说的这些基本就是文章主题
1.        有道细节题,就是问哪道措施不包括在内(这里有except题)选帮助顾客在本国销售其产品
3.  主旨题
考古
6、税收补贴和出口公司
V1
tax subsidiary 和export firms 第一段就大概介绍了一下tax subsidiary和export firm的关系,第二段说没有这种subsidiary的export firm在于其他有subsidiary竞争中有comparative disadvantages。然后说这种firm只能采取其他办法,比如。。。(这里的列举有except题)最后又说multinational enterprise 注重profit多于employment,但有一种情况是这个export firm如果在别的国家有subsidiary的话会依赖该国的tax subsidiary(这里有infer题)有主旨题,剩下就是细节。
V2
国家对自己希望发展的行业提供支持,主要是出口退税。主要是阐述出口退税这个问题,然后说别的没有这种待遇的竞争对手需要有的应对措施举例(有道细节题,就是问哪道措施不包括在内)。最后好像还说了一下出口退税会导致整个企业的一些发展趋势。
V3
讲政府资助有出口贸易的企业,企业也有4种incentive去做出口贸易。有的跨国企业认为利润最重要,会让他们在国外(国外的政策是资助出口贸易)的分公司向自己国家出口,这样违背了政府的初衷。

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