Ivxiuer7801

1.3.3 南丁格尔
（原文）

1）Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale.

（主题句，由此句和三段首句可知本文是结论解释型文章，即主要特点是总分式）A book by Anne Summers （观点之一）seeks to debunk揭穿（负评价的实义动词）the idealizations and present a reality（正评价词）at odds with争议 Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War（和观点二比较的差别点） has been exaggerated（负评价的实义动词）: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, （递进副词，表示行文方向一致，因此后面内容可以略读，仅提炼关键词即可，或不读）Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandistic宣传的efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.（以上略读）

2）By contrast（重要的强转折词，注意对比方/观点的差异点）, the editors （对比观点二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正评价词） not only her own age but also subsequence generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（观点二比较的差别点，和观点一中during the Crimean War对比，这一句是后面举例的总结句，重要，知道总结句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，如peacetime living conditions，举例的关键看前后的总结句，这里是for example 前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了。
） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks兵营 were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略读）

3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正评价词） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正评价词）. （总结句后举例说明，提取关键字，略读）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略读） In sum（文章最后一句话通常要仔细读，此处为总结句）, although （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正评价词） her an eminent（正评价词） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重点读，表明作者对以上两个不同观点的评述）

题目：

注意我怎么定位的，题干、选项和原文原句的对应线索我用相同颜色标注，题干中的定位依据的关键词我用下划线标注：

73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating

(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing

(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography

(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance

(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England

(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care

主题题，直接定位首段首句主题句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale

74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在观点二出现段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正评价的实义动词，将定位进一步限制在观点二中的正评价处，即找贡献） her with contributing to which of the following?

(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（时间状语为观点一的内容，观点二的比较点在after the war，大胆排除）

(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出现，排除）that was far in advance of its day

(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出现，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals

(D) Establishment of the first （极端词文章没有，选项出现，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university

(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers

原文对应：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.

直接事实题，定位在2）段，for example 后具体内容中，此题重点在于对于文中未出现的信息的果断排除，千万不要超出文章半步的猜测。

75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段举例中，观点一或其他段落未谈到） of her day?

(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.

(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.

(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes.

(D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.

(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten.

She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London.
原文中唯一有public这个词的句子只有一处，确定无疑。

76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依据，说明是观点二的内容，所以我以前说，对题干的提炼一定要注意，即使只是一个时间状语）?

(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.

(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.

(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.

(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.

(E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.

(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....

77. Which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的观点，作者观点的总结句，而不是文中提到的两个观点）?

(A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.

(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations.

(C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is well deserved.

定位于文末最后一句，关于作者对两个观点的总结句：

In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（观点一内容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.

(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role.

(E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.

78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位关键词，三段首句中，所以读原文注意评价词！）?

(A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.

When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.

(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.

(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.

(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.

(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.

本题注意细节的排除，坚决按照原文信息！原文未出现的信息坚决不能选！尤其注意极端词汇！（以上选项中划线部分都是排除的依据）

79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs

(B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph

(C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage

(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career

(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review

段落作用题，需要建立在框架把握的基础上，第三段和前两段的关系如何？从首句或末句判断。

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.

以上的答案是我刚做的,如果有不对的,请MM给我指出来.

按照XDF老师传授的方法,第一遍读完,我会做这样的总结(XDF老师叫做"逻辑简图",携隐看看,其实简单的框架图就好,不用花太多时间像你以前那样总结.)

逻辑简图

1) 对N贡献评价有两个不同观点+第一个观点: TS(主题句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )

2）第二个观点：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples

3）作者的观点：I believe....supports（+）...
brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）

这种逻辑简图简单实用，其实就是总结每段的段意、段内标志文章承转起合的重要的连接词、态度词，帮助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由连接词引出的出题点。

另：从本文你可以看出，一定要培养对关键的连词和作者态度词的重视和敏感！

Ivxiuer7801

广告用气味

开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（好像是说olfactory能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。来了个however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual和uara（忘了怎么拼了）可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果，举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。

先说奢侈品的广告不能用气味。因为气味不及Label，不能帮助人们认品牌。大概意思。这里有一个小小的对比。后面有题，问大概意思啊，Label能干吗。就把气味反着说。

然后第二段吧好像，忘了分没分段了，暂且当分了。举例子说，做实验，给人们一杯黄色的和红色的水，然后说柠檬味，人们就都想的是黄色的那个。后面有题，问哪个的比喻方式和这个是一样的。有两个选项说的都是和食物有关的，有一个是说Pine，给的是绿色的液体。记得是。狗主选的是，说的是皮革，给的是车- -

类似原文

Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory嗅觉的 cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties, research suggests that odour气味 can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.

Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo安慰剂 effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concludedthat the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited thatindividuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery ofcommon odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors isinfluenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent whenthe scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a redliquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.

Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered混乱的 environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic边缘 system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.

题目
1）好像是主旨题。

2）文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它指什么，答案应该就是广告者增加在广告中使用气味。the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads.

3）a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow
liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid.
题目是进行类比（注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关），答案中有个是看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)好像。

4）Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects。
这句话有考题，问关于visual and aural cues,答案应该是visual and aural cues are easier to recognize and label.

Ivxiuer7801

妇女地位与政党

一篇关于女性feminism的文章，是说一种传统观点认为女性在社会上的权力主要来自于家庭里的男人（husband/father..），但是第二段开始说这种观点是不对的，因为F什么著作里面没有提到，最后得出的观点就是女性社会上的权力是因为她们自身的need,而非靠男人。

Traditional social science models of class groups in the United States are based on economic status and assume that women's economic status derives from association with men, typically fathers or husbands, and that women therefore have more compelling common interest with men of their own economic class than with women outside it.

Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class. Social historian Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early-nineteenth-century America the identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed the differences between women of these two classes:
married women, regardless of their family's wealth, did essentially the same unpaid五无报酬的 domestic work, and none could own property or vote.

Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men. Ann Oakley notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes widened in the late nineteenth century: most working-class women, who performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Question #16.
189-01
(21999-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer sociohistorical explanations for the cultural differences between men and women in the United States

(B) examine how the economic roles of women in the United States changed during the nineteenth century

(C) consider differing views held by social scientists concerning women's class status in the United States

(D) propose a feminist interpretation of class structure in the United States

(E) outline specific distinctions between working-class women and women of the upper and middle classes

Question #17.
189-03
(22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status and gender

(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and gender

(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in determining class status

(D) Remedy纠正 perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and earlier feminist analyses of class and gender

(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social scientists

Question #18.
189-05
(22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.

(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its assumption that women are financially dependent on men.

(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume that women work, either within the home or for pay.

(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each model focuses on a different period of American history.

(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors, including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's status.

Ivxiuer7801

语速在广告中影响

第一段：关于广告中语速和停顿对观众理解广告的影响，两派观点：M1说广告语速快好，停顿少越能使受众集中精力去听；M2反对说，语速太快和停顿越少，人们懒得去听。结果有两种可能：1.缺乏理解的时间。2.太快使人缺乏理解的motivation

第二段：实验验证：结果否定了M1的观点，证实了M2的观点。即证明了语速过快使人缺乏去听广告的motivation。

主旨：两派学者围绕广告语速的问题，发表不同看法，结果用实验否定一方，支持了另一方。注意区分两个人各自的观点，统一处和分歧处，是考点。

题目：

1、
主旨题

2、
作者同意哪个人的观点？ M2

3.、高亮：第二段“增加停顿时间have no effect”这句话的作用是什么？前后找改写

4、
推断：什么样的语速和停顿组合才最适合观众？ Normal语速and Normal停顿、

1、
文章结论：not confirm M1 and M2’s first (就是opportunity那个) hypothesis，but confirm M2’s second（motivation那个）

2、
以下哪一项是M2的观点？support题目。A:语速过快会增加观众的理解难度

Ivxiuer7801

库存管理

第一段：inventory-smoothing理论/model的思想是，用库存(inventory)作为buffer,应付可能出现的产品需求的突然增长。这样公司就不用改变当前的生产，production level就会保持稳定 (这里有题)

第二段：根据这个理论，production的variance会下降。而且如果需求增加，sales的variance会增加。但是经过科学家调查，发现production比sales的variance要高，而且他们（或者是sales和inventory，不影响整体阅读）的variance是correlated.这说明要么这个理论有问题，要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果。

第三段：第一句话是，科学家所做的调查是基于aggregate level的（后面有问这句话的作用，我选：提供了possibility that masks对单个企业的应用）。这样一些seasonality的数据可能被忽略。但是有科学家对单个企业做调查，也不能证实这个model

题目：

1、
主旨题：主要是作者提出一种理论，但是这种理论经过检验是不行的，人们找不到这个理论成立的例子

2、 Production smoothing是什么意思？

我选的好像是这个东西能保证生产不会波动，就是不会有过多的高峰和低谷那个

我选的答案的大概意思是能通过库存使每个时期的生产量比较稳定

3、问提到aggregation data的作用是什么？

我选的答案to consider the possibility that it masked the applicability of the model in individual firms

Ivxiuer7801

董事会经常失败的原因和改进措施
      Although recent censure谴责 of corporate      指责董事会消极懒散虽有点过
boards of directors as “passive” and           火，但还是有充分理由的。
“supine” may be excessive, those who
Line  criticize board performance have plenty
(5)   of substantive ammunition. Too many         董事会错在没有执行好两个基
     corporate boards fail in their two crucial       本职责：忽视长期战略，没制
     responsibilities of overseeing long-term        定好的高层薪酬计划。
  company strategy and of selecting
     evaluating, and determining appropriate
(10)  compensation of top management. At         有时CEO业绩不好工资却高。
     times, despite disappointing corporate
     performance, compensation of chief
     executive officers reaches indefensibly
     high levels, Nevertheless, suggestions         但建议政府立法其改革又言之
(15)  that the government should legislate board     过早。董事会可以自己改善。
     reform are premature过早. There are ample
     opportunities for boards themselves to
     improve corporate performance.
        Most corporate boards’ compensation      大多数董事会制定高层管理
(20)  committees focus primarily on peer-group      人员薪酬时只和其他公司比
     comparisons. They are content if the pay        较。如果工资和其它对手公
     of top executives approximates that of          司或类似公司的相同，董事
     the executives of competing firms with         会就会满足。
     comparable short-term earnings or even
(25)  that of executives of competing firms of
     comparable size. However, mimicking模仿 the       这种模仿忽视了长期业绩表
     compensation policy of competitors for the       现。
     sake of parity means neglecting the value
     of compensation as a means of stressing
(30)  long-term performance. By tacitly detach-       这会危害公司危害经济。
     ing executive compensation policy from
     long-term performance, committees harm
     their companies and the economy as a
     whole. The committees must develop           薪酬必须与长期表现挂钩。
(35)  incentive compensation奖金 policies to empha-
     size long-term performance. For example        举例说明
     a board’s compensation committee can, by
     carefully proportioning straight salary and
     such short-term and long-term incentives
(40)  as stock options, encourage top manage-
     ment to pursue a responsible strategy.
    结构清楚
Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives?
A  Long-term corporate performance
B  The threat of government regulation
C  Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D  The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E   The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms
Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo reform?
A , Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.
B  Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies.
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.
D  Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance.无
E  Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary.
第一段最后部分表达的意思。
Nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature过早. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
------------------------------------------------
Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A  A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B  A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C  A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which
D  A solution was reached is explained. A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E  Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.

Ivxiuer7801

企业新产品开发对市场供求的影响
Companies that must determine well        好卖的产品产量太少，难卖的产品
    in advance of the selling season how       产量又太大。
    many unites of a new product to manu
Line facture often underproduce products
(5)  that sell well and have overstocks of
    others. The increased incidence in           这种供求矛盾似乎很讽刺，因为
    recent years of mismatches between         消费者购买模式的数据趋于精确，
    production and demand seems ironic,        弹性生产又允许小量商品的生产。
    since point-of-sale scanners have
(10) improved data on consumers’ buying
    patterns and since flexible manufacturing
    has enabled companies to
    produce, cost-effectively, small
    quantities of goods. This type of             弹性生产导致美国每年新产品
(15) manufacturing has greatly increased         大量增加。但是频繁引入新产品
    the number of new products introduced        有两个消极的副作用。
    annually in the United States. However,
    frequent introductions of new products
    have two problematic side effects. For         一方面产品平均寿命缩短；它
(20) one, they reduce the average lifetime of        们既不处于初期（难以预计），
    products; more of them are neither at the       也不处于末期（库存昂贵）。
    beginning of their life (when prediction
    is difficult) or at the end of their life
    (when keeping inventory is expen-
(25) sive because the products will soon
    become obsolete). For another, as              另一方面，随着新产品泛滥，
    new products proliferate, demand is            需求在增加的库存单位内分配
    divided among a growing number of
    stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even             虽然厂商和零售商有些把握预
(30) though manufacturers and retailers can          计准确的累积总需求，但他们
    forecast aggregate demand with some          难以准确预计这些需求在众多
    certainty, forecasting accurately how            库存单位内如何分配。
    that demand will be distributed among
    the many SKU’s they sell is difficult.
(35) For example, a company may be able           例如，一家公司可能可以准确
    to estimate accurately the aggregate             估计鞋子总售量，但它不确定
    number of shoes it will sell, but it may          哪种鞋子会卖更多，哪种鞋子
    be uncertain about which specific               会卖更少。
    types of shoes will sell more than
    other types.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q23:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E. To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand am-ong SKU’s
Q24:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
Q25:
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A．        Reduced average lifetime of products
B．        Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C．        More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products
D．        Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E．        Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s

Ivxiuer7801

鸟为什么会飞的两种理论
Two opposing scenarios情节,        两种解释鸟飞的假设：树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal”树栖的 hypothesis and
the “cursorial”行走的 hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5)  cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds      树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来，随
that bird ancestors began to fly       着羽毛越来越大，最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping拍打 flight evolved进化了 and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive       树栖论的问题：始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are         明显的栖树适应性，如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
Maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching栖息. Perhaps        没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞，
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs前肢, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few       始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where      树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could       即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as        它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
   The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small           疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者，奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground        并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi-         前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could         然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally递增的,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap跳跃
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the-         兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of            特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
Agile敏捷的, lightly built, long-legged,         另外，
and good runners. And because         它们用两足走，双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.

---------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.        present counterevidence 反证to two hypotheses concerning the origins of  bird flight
B.        propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the  origins of bird flight
C.        (missing) correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the  origins of bird flight
D.        refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E.        evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight

---------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?

A.        Feathers tend to become larger over time
B.        Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C.        Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D.        Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E.        Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree

------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?

A.        A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B.        A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C.        A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D.        A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E.        An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne

-------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?

A.        Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B.        It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C.        It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D.        Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E.        Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees

Ivxiuer7801

玻璃造房
第一段：用玻璃造房子，普通conventional玻璃易碎不行，于是给玻璃穿protective coat，但这样变得不透明了使玻璃房失去意义，也不行。
第二段：然后用钢化玻璃（tempered glass），它碎成均匀的小颗粒不会伤害人（有题），但还是不行。
第三段：说Tempering还要结合另一种技术才给力：lamination（贴层），意思通俗点说就是做成玻璃三明治，这样才更好，这样解决了玻璃受力过猛整块玻璃都碎的问题，但是Lamination也有缺点，首先是制作过程有个特殊的要求，另外安装的时候每块要打孔才能达到效果
第四段：一些建筑师想生产uncommon glass解决上面的问题,一拨人用其他材料添加进玻璃的制作工艺，做出来的玻璃和传统的二氧化硅的玻璃比有什么什么特点。另外一拨人则用Adhesive来粘，但悲剧的是粘贴玻璃Reliability没有经过时间的验证。

题目：

1、        关于传统玻璃conventional grass的问题？易碎，楼主选温度变化的时候，它体积会变化

2、        第三段和第三段之间有什么关系？ 2段是提出一个情况/问题，由第3段来解决

3、        类比题：下面哪种方法和夹心玻璃lamination工艺最接近？pearl掉了一颗，其他的珍珠还留着好地

4、        Lamination被高亮：安装需要打孔。

5、        主旨题：设计者在改进玻璃的过程中遇到多种困难

6、        词汇题：integrity（完整，完全）的同义？选项有：completeness, conformity, high quality, soundness, complexity

7、        变体：文中高亮的Integrity一词意思最不相似的哪个？Complexity

8、        钢化玻璃（tempering glass）的特点？ 碎成小颗粒，不伤人。

9、        哪种玻璃对于设计者来讲最理想？楼主选了not tempered but as strong as tempered glass.  不确定

10、        以下哪种不是使玻璃变硬的方法：让玻璃外部温度降温比内部快

Ivxiuer7801

地震前鸟行为

第一段：是关于地震前鸟的异常行为，先讲将1835年智利[url=app:ds:Chile]Chile[/url]地震，老人发现一种鸟seabird大群的从海岸飞到内陆，觉得奇怪，因为不是气候变化的时候（有题，取反即可），后来就地震了。

第二段：其他一些地方也有类似的现象。人们就觉得是鸟能感知到地震最初造成的轻微动，试图解释为什么海上一点点变化鸟也会察觉到,唯一能解释原因是bird detected 其他的变化从一个小的变化中 (这里有细节题)

第三段：但是后来说不对，那样的话鸟就应该逃到海上，因为海上伤害比内陆小。

第四段：然后别的地方也都有这样的跟鸟有关的现象。举了其他地震的例子, 说中国地震前也发现有duck 的反常, 什么什么地方也发现鸟往一个洞还是什么里面飞, (这里有题)

题目：

1、
主旨题。a argument of ……over a phenomena

2、
第一个奇怪：为啥居民觉得好天气鸟乱飞？
因为通常坏天气才会往内陆飞

3、
第二个奇怪：为啥地震了还往内陆飞，找死啊？
地震了它们应该往海岸/海里飞

4、
文章中举到这些例子的共性是什么？我选的是都和birds有关

5、
针对第一段的, 说那个most-weather person 在地震发生之间的对seabird有什么样的理解, 我选的是 "只有当稳定的季节结束的时候它们才会往内陆飞"

6、
针对第二段的, 推测, 如果seabird只detect 一个小变化而没有其他的异常, 它们会怎么样?
我选的是"它还是会往海上飞", 其他的选项还有"他们能signal storm", 但我根据第二段的解释, 觉得seabird只detect到一个变化的话不会有异常反应

7、
针对最后一段的, 问文中举的例子都提到了,
选项有 wildlife animal, 还有 bird, 我选bird,
因为中国的duck不算野生动物吧?

8、
问说这些古人的wisdom认为这群鸟类群体飞走后聚在一块通常代表什么，
我选代表天气要变坏了还是什么stable weather要结束了之类的

9、
按照那些“对天气很了解的人”一直以来的认识，应该怎样：“typically, seabird如果往内陆飞，多是天气要发生变化”（很确定）