imjar

GWD-12 （情节记忆）
The term “episodic memory” was
        introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
        considered a uniquely human capacity—
Line        the ability to recollect specific past events,
  (5)        to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply
to use information acquired through past
experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic
(10)        memory in animals.  According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of
individual bits of information; they involve
multiple components of a single event
“bound” together.  Clayton sought to
(15)        examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”
information and their binding of this infor-
mation.  In the wild, these birds store food
for retrieval later during periods of food
(20)        scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required
        jays to remember the type, location, and
        freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event.  Crickets were stored in one
location and peanuts in another.  Jays
(25)        prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched
their preference from crickets to peanuts
once the food had been stored for a certain
length of time, showing that they retain
(30)        information about the what, the where,
and the when.  Such experiments cannot,
however, reveal whether the birds were
        reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information.  Clayton acknowledged this by
using the term “episodic-like” memory.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B.        describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations
C.        present similarities between human memory and animal memory
D.        point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human
E.        account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5:
According to the passage, Clayton’s experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
               
A.        recall “when” and “where” information more distinctly than “what” information
B.        are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time
C.        choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D.        choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available
E.        prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q6:
The passage suggests that Clayton’s experiment demonstrated scrub jays’ ability to
               
A.        choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
B.        unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions
C.        bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D.        reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly
E.        distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
Answer:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q7:
It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?

Z.        Animals’ abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
AA.        Animals do not share humans’ abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
BB.        The accuracy of animals’ memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
CC.        Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
DD.        The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory.

imjar

Q8 to Q10: （妇女联盟对于限制生产白铅企业中妇女雇员的反应）
      Acting on the recommen-
        dation of a British government
        committee investigating the
Line        high incidence in white lead
  (5)        factories of illness among
employees, most of whom
were women, the Home Sec-
retary proposed in 1895 that
Parliament enact legislation
(10)        that would prohibit women from
holding most jobs in white lead
factories.  Although the
Women’s Industrial Defence
Committee (WIDC), formed
(15)        in 1892 in response to earlier
legislative attempts to restrict
women’s labor, did not dis-
count the white lead trade’s
potential health dangers, it
(20)        opposed the proposal, view-
        ing it as yet another instance
        of limiting women’s work
opportunities.  Also opposing
the proposal was the Society
(25)        for Promoting the Employment
of Women (SPEW), which
attempted to challenge it by
investigating the causes of ill-
ness in white lead factories.
(30)        SPEW contended, and WIDC
concurred, that controllable
conditions in such factories
        were responsible for the devel-
opment of lead poisoning.
(35)         SPEW provided convincing
evidence that lead poisoning
could be avoided if workers
were careful and clean and
        if already extant workplace
(40)        safety regulations were
stringently enforced.  How-
ever, the Women’s Trade
Union League (WTUL), which
had ceased in the late 1880’s
(45)        to oppose restrictions on
women’s labor, supported the
eventually enacted proposal,
in part because safety regu-
lations were generally not
(50)        being enforced in white lead
factories, where there were no
unions (and little prospect of
any) to pressure employers to
comply with safety regulations.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q8:
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly support the contention attributed to SPEW in lines 30-34 (“SPEW contended … lead poisoning”) ?
          
A.        Those white lead factories that most strongly enforced regulations concerning worker safety and hygiene had the lowest incidences of lead poisoning among employees.
B.        The incidence of lead poisoning was much higher among women who worked in white lead factories than among women who worked in other types of factories.
C.        There were many household sources of lead that could have contributed to the incidence of lead poisoning among women who also worked outside the home in the late nineteenth century.
D.        White lead factories were more stringent than were certain other types of factories in their enforcement of workplace safety regulations.
E.        Even brief exposure to the conditions typically found in white lead factories could cause lead poisoning among factory workers.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q9:
According to the passage, the WIDC believed that the proposed legislation resembled earlier legislation concerning women’s labor in that it
          
A.        caused divisiveness among women’s organizations
B.        sought to protect women’s health
C.        limited women’s occupational opportunities
D.        failed to bolster workplace safety regulations
E.        failed to make distinctions among types of factory work
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q10:
The passage is primarily concerned with
               
A.        presenting various groups’ views of the motives of those proposing certain legislation
B.        contrasting the reasoning of various groups concerning their positions on certain proposed legislation
C.        tracing the process whereby certain proposed legislation was eventually enacted
D.        assessing the success of tactics adopted by various groups with respect to certain proposed legislation
E.        evaluating the arguments of various groups concerning certain proposed legislation

imjar

（地球表面）
Years before the advent of plate
        tectonics―the widely accepted theory,
        developed in the mid-1960’s, the holds
Line        that the major features of Earth’s surface
  (5)        are created by the horizontal motions
of Earth’s outer shell, or lithosphere―
a similar theory was rejected by the
geological community.  In 1912, Alfred
Wegener proposed, in a widely debated
(10)        theory that came to be called continental
drift, that Earth’s continents were mobile.
To most geologists today, Wegener’s
The origin of Continents and Oceans
appears an impressive and prescient
(15)        document, containing several of the
essential presumptions underlying plate
tectonics theory: the horizontal mobility
of pieces of Earth’s crust; the essential
difference between oceanic and conti-
(20)        nental crust; and a causal connection
        between horizontal displacements and
        the formation of mountain chains.  Yet
despite the considerable overlap
between Wegener’s concepts and the
(25)        later widely embraced plate tectonics
theory, and despite the fact that conti-
nental drift theory presented a possible
solution to the problem of the origin of
mountains at a time when existing expla-
(30)        nations were seriously in doubt, in its
day Wegener’s theory was rejected
by the vast majority of geologists.
              Most geologists and many historians
today believe that Wegener’s theory
(35)        was rejected because of its lack of an
adequate mechanical basis.  Stephen
Jay Gould, for example, argues that
continental drift theory was rejected
because it did not explain how continents
(40)        could move through an apparently solid
oceanic floor.  However, as Anthony
Hallam has pointed out, many scientific
phenomena, such as the ice ages, have
been accepted before they could be fully
(45)        explained.  The most likely cause for the
rejection of continental drift―a cause
that has been largely ignored because
we consider Wegener’s theory to have
been validated by the theory of plate
(50)        tectonics―is the nature of the evidence
that was put forward to support it.  Most
of Wegener’s evidence consisted of
homologies—similarities of patterns and
forms based on direct observations of
(55)        rocks in the field, supported by the use
of hammers, hand lenses, and field note-
books.  In contrast, the data supporting
plate tectonics were impressively
geophysical—instrumental determinations
(60)        of the physical properties of Earth gar-
nered through the use of seismographs,
magnetometers, and computers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q24:
The author cites Hallam (line 42) on the ice ages primarily in order to

A.        provide an example of a geologic phenomenon whose precise causes are not fully understood by geologists today
B.        criticize the geological community for an apparent lack of consistency in its responses to new theories
C.        offer evidence held to undermine a common view of why Wegener’s theory was not accepted in its day
D.        give an example of a modern scientist who believes that Wegener’s theory was rejected because it failed to adequately explain the mechanical basis of continental drift
E.        support Gould’s rationale for why Wegener’s theory was rejected by most geologists in the early twentieth century
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q25:
The author of the passage refers to the “considerable overlap” (line 23) between continental drift theory and plate tectonics theory most probably in order to

A.        suggest that plate tectonics theory is derived from Wegener’s work
B.        introduce a discussion comparing the elements of the two theories
C.        examine the question of whether continental drift theory was innovative in its time
D.        provide a reason why it might seem surprising that continental drift theory was not more widely embraced by geologists
E.        cite an explanation that has been frequently offered for Wegener’s high standing among geologists today
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q26:
The author of the passage suggests that the most likely explanation for the geological community’s response to continental drift theory in its day was that the theory

A.        was in conflict with certain aspects of plate tectonics theory
B.        failed to account for how mountains were formed
C.        did not adequately explain how continents moved through the ocean floor
D.        was contradicted by the geophysical data of the time
E.        was based on a kind of evidence that was considered insufficiently convincing
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q27:
It can be inferred from the passage that geologists today would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans?

A.        It was a worthy scientific effort that was ahead of its time.
B.        It was based on evidence that was later disproved.
C.        It was directly responsible for the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics.
D.        It has been disproved by continental drift theory.
E.        It misrepresented how horizontal displacements cause the formation of mountain chains.

imjar

（商业储备）
Many economists believe that a
        high rate of business savings in the
        United States is a necessary precursor
Line        to investment, because business sav-
  (5)        ings, as opposed to personal savings,
comprise almost three-quarters of the
national savings rate, and the national
savings rate heavily influences the
overall rate of business investment.
(10)        These economists further postulate
that real interest rates—the difference
between the rates charged by lenders
and the inflation rates—will be low when
national savings exceed business
(15)        investment (creating a savings surplus),
and high when national savings fall
below the level of business investment
(creating a savings deficit ).  However,
during the 1960’s real interest rates
(20)        were often higher when the national
        savings surplus was large.  Counter-
        intuitive behavior also occurred when
real interest rates skyrocketed from
2 percent in 1980 to 7 percent in 1982,
(25)        even though national savings and
investments were roughly equal
throughout the period.  Clearly, real
interest rates respond to influences
other than the savings/investment
(30)        nexus.  Indeed, real interest rates may
themselves influence swings in the
savings and investment rates.  As real
        interest rates shot up after 1979, for-
eign investors poured capital into the
(35)         United States, the price of domestic
goods increased prohibitively abroad,
and the price of foreign-made goods
became lower in the United States.  As
        a result, domestic economic activity
(40)        and the ability of businesses to save
and invest were restrained.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q35:
The passage is primarily concerned with
               
P.        contrasting trends in two historical periods
Q.        presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs
R.        explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon
S.        criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief
T.        comparing conflicting interpretations of a theory
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?
               
Z.        An increase in real interest rates
AA.        A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations
BB.        An increase in American investment abroad
CC.        An increase in the price of American goods abroad
DD.        A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q37:
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?
               
Z.        Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.
AA.        Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.
BB.        They incorrectly identify the factors other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.
CC.        Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.
DD.        They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.

imjar

天山-03
T-3-Q4-Q6 印第安人社区
In the fourteenth and fifteenth centu-
ries, many Western Pueblo settlements
in what is now the southwestern United
Line                States may have possessed distinctly
(5)                hierarchical organizational structures.
These communities’ agricultural
systems ―which were “intensive” in
the use of labor rather than “extensive”
in area ―may have given rise to polit-
(10)                ical leadership that managed both
labor and food resources. That for-
mal management of food resources
was needed is suggested by the
large size of storage spaces located
(15)                around some communal Great Kivas
(underground ceremonial chambers).
Though no direct evidence exists that
such spaces were used to store food,
Western Pueblo communities lacking
(20)                sufficient arable land to support their
populations could have preserved
the necessary extra food, including
imported foodstuffs, in such appar-
ently communal spaces.
(25)                        Moreover, evidence of special-
ization in producing raw materials and
in manufacturing ceramics and textiles
indicates differentiation of labor within
and between communities. The orga-
(30)                nizational and managerial demands
of such specialization strengthen
the possibility that a decision making
elite existed, an elite whose control
over labor, the use of community sur-
(35)                pluses, and the acquisition of imported
goods would have led to a concen-
tration of economic resources in their
own hands. Evidence for differential
distribution of wealth is found in buri-
(40)                als of the period: some include large
quantities of pottery, jewelry, and other
artifacts, whereas others from the
same sites lack any such materials.

T-3-Q4
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the author’s statement in the last sentence of the passage(lines 38-43) regarding the distribution of wealth in Western Pueblo settlements?
A.        Only community members of exceptional wealth are likely to have been buried with their personal possessions.
B.        Members of communities with extensive agricultural systems are usually buried without personal possessions.
C.        Most artifacts found in burial sites were manufactured locally rather than imported from other communities.
D.        Burial artifacts are often ritual objects associated with religious practices rather than being the deceased’s personal possessions.
E.        The quality of burial artifacts varies depending on the site with which they are associated.

T-3-Q5
According to the passage, which of the following is probably true of the storage spaces mentioned in line 14?
A.        They were used by the community elite for storage of their own food supplies.
B.        They served a ceremonial as well as a practical function.
C.        Their size is an indication of the wealth of the particular community to which they belonged.
D.        Their existence proves that the community to which they belonged imported large amounts of food.
E.        They belonged to and were used by the community as a whole.

T-3-Q6
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.        outline the methods by which resources were managed within a particular group of communities
B.        account for the distribution of wealth within a particular group of communities
C.        provide support for a hypothesis concerning the social structure of a particular society
D.        explain how political leadership changed in a particular historical situation
E.        present new evidence that contradicts previous theories about a particular historical situation

imjar

T-3-Q9-Q12 N-6-Q7-Q10 战略合作伙伴
In recent years, Western
business managers have been
heeding the exhortations of busi-
Line                 ness journalists and academics
(5)                        to move their companies toward
long-term, collaborative “strategic
partnerships” with their external
business partners (e.g., suppliers).
The experts’ advice comes as
(10)                        a natural reaction to numerous
studies conducted during the past
decade that compared Japanese
production and supply practices
with those of the rest of the world.
(15)                        The link between the success of
a certain well-known Japanese
automaker and its effective
management of its suppliers, for
example, has led to an unques-
(20)                        tioning belief within Western
management circles in the value
of strategic partnerships. Indeed,
in the automobile sector all three
United States manufacturers and
(25)                        Most of their European competitiors
Have launched programs to reduce
Their total number of suppliers and
Move toward having strategic
Partnerships with a few.
(30)                                However, new research con-
cerning supplier relationships in
various industries demonstrates
that the widespread assumption of
Western managers and business
(35)                        consultants that Japanese firms
manage their suppliers primarily
through strategic partnerships is
unjustified. Not only do Japanese
firms appear to conduct a far
(40)                        smaller proportion of their busi-
ness through strategic partnerships
than is commonly believed, but
they also make extensive use of
“market-exchange” relationships,
(45)                        in which either party can turn to
the marketplace and shift to dif-
ferent business partners at will,
a practice usually associated
with Western manufacturers.

T-3-Q9 N-6-Q7
The passage is primarily concerned with
A.        examining economic factors that may have contributed to the success of certain Japanese companies
B.        discussing the relative merits of strategic partnerships as compared with those of market-exchange relationship
C.        challenging the validity of a widely held assumption about how Japanese firms operate
D.        explaining why Western companies have been slow to adopt a particular practice favored by Japanese companies
E.        pointing out certain differences between Japanese and Western supplier relationships

T-3-Q10 N-6-Q8
According to the passage, the advice referred to in line 9 was a response to which of the following?
A.        A recent decrease in the number of available suppliers within the United States automobile industry
B.        A debate within Western management circles during the past decade regarding the value of strategic partnerships
C.        The success of certain European automobile manufactures that have adopted strategic partnerships
D.        An increase in demand over the past decade for automobiles made by Western manufacturers
E.        Research comparing Japanese business practices with those of other nations

T-3-Q11 N-6-Q9
The author mentions “the success of a certain well-known Japanese automaker” (lines 15-17) most probably in order to
A.        demonstrate some of the possible reasons for the success of a certain business practice
B.        cite a specific case that has convinced Western business experts of the value of a certain business practice
C.        describe specific steps taken by Western automakers that have enabled them to compete more successfully in a global market
D.        introduce a paradox about the effect of a certain business practice in Japan
E.        indicate the need for Western managers to change their relationships with their external business partners

T-3-Q12 N-6-Q10
Which of the following is most clearly an example of the practice referred to in lines 38-49 of the passage?
A.        A department store chain that employs a single buyer to procure all the small appliances to be sold in its stores.
B.        An automobile manufacture that has used the same supplier of a particular axle component for several years in a row.
C.        A hospital that contracts only with union personnel to staff its nonmedical positions.
D.        A municipal government that decides to cancel its contract with a waste disposal company and instead hire its own staff to perform that function.
E.        A corporation that changes the food-service supplier for its corporate headquarters several times over a five-year period as part of a cost-cutting campaign.

imjar

T-3-Q25-Q27基因
                                Researchers studying how genes
control animal behavior have had
to deal with many uncertainties. In
Line                        the first place, most behaviors are
(5)                        governed by more than one gene,
and until recently geneticists had no
method for identifying the multiple
genes involved. In addition, even
when a single gene is found to control
(10)                        a behavior, researchers in different
fields do not necessarily agree that it is
a “behavioral gene.” Neuroscientists,
whose interest in genetic research is to
understand the nervous system (which
(15)                        generates behavior), define the term
broadly. But ethologists ― specialists
in animal behavior― are interested
in evolution, so they define the term
narrowly. They insist that mutations in
(20)                        a behavioral gene must alter a specific
normal behavior and not merely make
the organism ill, so that the genetically
induced behavioral change will provide
variation that natural selection can act
(25)                        upon, possibly leading to the evolution
of a new species. For example, in the
fruit fly, researchers have identified
the gene Shaker, mutations in which
cause flies to shake violently under
(30)                        anesthesia. Since shaking is not
healthy, ethologists do not consider
Shaker a behavioral gene. In con-
trast, ethologists do consider the gene
period (per), which controls the fruit
(35)                        fly’s circadian (24 hour) rhythm, a
behavioral gene because files with
mutated per genes are healthy, they
simply have different rhythms.

T-3-Q25
The passage suggests that neuroscientists would most likely consider Shaker to be which of the following?
A.        An example of a behavioral gene
B.        One of multiple genes that control a single behavior
C.        A gene that, when mutated, causes an alteration in a specific normal behavior without making the organism ill
D.        A gene of interest to ethologists but of no interest to neuroscientists
E.        A poor source of information about the nervous system

T-3-Q26
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following, if true, would be most likely to influence ethologists’ opinions about whether a particular gene in a species is a behavioral gene?
A.        The gene is found only in that species.
B.        The gene is extremely difficult to identify.
C.        The only effect of mutations in the gene is to make the organism ill.
D.        Neuroscientists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.
E.        Geneticists consider the gene to be a behavioral gene.

T-3-Q27
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.        summarize findings in an area of research
B.        discuss different perspectives on a scientific question
C.        outline the major questions in a scientific discipline
D.        illustrate the usefulness of investigating a research topic
E.        reconcile differences between two definitions of a term

imjar

T-3-Q33-Q36经济增长率
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States eco-
nomic productivity grew at an annual
rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965,
Line                                it has grown at an annual rate of
(5)                                only about 1 percent since the early
1970’s. What might be preventing
higher productivity growth? Clearly,
the manufacturing sector of the
economy cannot be blamed. Since
(10)                                1980, productivity improvements
in manufacturing have moved the
United States from a position of
acute decline in manufacturing
to one of world prominence.
(15)                                Manufacturing, however, consti-
tutes a relatively small proportion
of the economy. In 1992, goods-
producing businesses employed
only 19.1 percent of American
(20)                                workers, whereas service-producing
businesses employed 70 percent.
Although the service sector has
grown since the late 1970’s, its
productivity growth has declined.
(25)                                Several explanations have been
Offered for this declined and for the
discrepancy in productivity growth
between the manufacturing and
service sectors. One is that tra-
(30)                                ditional measures fail to reflect
service-sector productivity growth
because it has been concentrated
in improved quality of services.
Yet traditional measures of manu-
(35)                                facturing productivity have shown
significant increases despite the
undermeasurement of quality,
whereas service productivity has
continued to stagnate. Others argue
(40)                                that since the 1970’s, manufacturing
workers, faced with strong foreign
competition, have learned to work
more efficiently in order to keep their
jobs in the United States, but service
(45)                                workers, who are typically under
less global competitive pressure,
have not. However, the pressure on
manufacturing workers in the United
States to work more efficiently has
(50)                                generally been overstated, often
for political reasons. In fact, while
some manufacturing jobs have been
lost due to foreign competition, many
more have been lost simply because
(55)                                of slow growth in demand for manu-
factured goods.
        Yet another explanation blames
the federal budget deficit: if it were
lower, interest rate would be lower
(55)                                too, thereby increasing investment
in the development of new technol-
ogies, which would spur productivity
growth in the service sector. There
is, however, no dearth of techno-
(60)                                logical resources, rather, managers
in the service sector fail to take
advantage of widely available skills
and machines. High productivity
growth levels attained by leading-
(65)                                edge service companies indicate
that service sector managers
who wisely implement available
technology and choose skillful
workers can significantly improve
(70)                                their companies’ productivity.
The culprits for service-sector
productivity stagnation are the
forces－such as corporate
takeovers and unnecessary
(75)                                governmental regulation－that
distract managers from the task
of making optimal use of available
resources.

T-3-Q33
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A.        Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.        New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.        In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.        The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.        High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States.

T-3-Q34
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A.        It has often been exaggerated.
B.        It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.        It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.        It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.        It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.

T-3-Q35
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A.        It was performing relatively poorly.
B.        It was in a position of world prominence.
C.        It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.        It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.        Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.

T-3-Q36
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A.        Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.        Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.        Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.        Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.        Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.

imjar

天山 -04
T-4-Q5-Q7恐龙进化成鸟
Although many lines of evidence indicate
that birds evolved from ground-dwelling
theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain
unconvinced. They argue that theropods
(5)  appeared too late to have given rise to birds,
noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica – the
oldest known bird – appears in the fossil
record about 150 million years ago, where
-as the fossil remains of various nonavian
(10) maniraptor theropods – the closest known
relatives of birds – date only to about 115
million years ago. But investigators have
now uncovered bones that evidently belong
to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of
(15) Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find
fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out
their existence in an undiscovered deposit.
Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles
(the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the
(20) unfused clavicles of theropods. This
objection was reasonable when only early
theropod clavicles had been discovered,
but fossilized theropod clavicles that look
just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx
(25) have now been unearthed. Finally, some
scientists argue that the complex lungs of
birds could not have evolved from theropod
lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported
or falsified at the moment, because no fossil
(30) lungs are preserved in the paleontological
record.

T-4-Q5
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.        compare the development of two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birds
B.        suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birds
C.        evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birds
D.        challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs
E.        respond to criticisms of the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs

T-4-Q6
In the context of the passage, the phrase “fossils of a predicted kind”(line 16) most likely refers to which of the following?
A.        Theropod fossils with fused clavicles
B.        Theropod fossils that are similar in structure to Archaeopteryx fossils
C.        Theropod fossils dating back more than 150 million years
D.        Fossils indicating the structure of theropod lungs
E.        Fossils indicating the structure of Archaeopteryx lungs

T-4-Q7
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument made by scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?
A.        There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx.
B.        There are no known theropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’ lungs.
C.        Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago.
D.        Theropod dinosaurs did not have fused clavicles.
E.        Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx.

imjar

T-4-8~11:GWD-13-16~19 （巴黎的妇女联盟）
      In 1675, Louis XIV
        established the Parisian
        seamstresses’ guild, the first
Line        independent all-female guild
  (5)        created in over 200 years.
Guild members could make
and sell women’s and chil-
dren’s clothing, but were
prohibited from producing
(10)        men’s clothing or dresses
for court women.  Tailors
resented the ascension of
seamstresses to guild status;
seamstresses, meanwhile,
(15)        were impatient with the
remaining restrictions on
their right to clothe women.
      The conflict between
the guilds was not purely
(20)        economic, however.  A 1675
        police report indicated that
        since so many seamstresses
were already working illegally,
the tailors were unlikely to
(25)        suffer additional economic
damage because of the
seamstresses’ incorporation.
Moreover, guild membership
held very different meanings
(30)        for tailors and seamstresses.
To the tailors, their status as
guild members overlapped
        with their role as heads of
household, and entitled them
(35)         to employ as seamstresses
female family members who
did not marry outside the trade.
The seamstresses, however,
        viewed guild membership as
(40)        a mark of independence from
the patriarchal family.  Their
guild was composed not of
family units but of individual
women who enjoyed unusual
(45)        legal and economic privileges.
        At the conflict’s center was
the issue of whether tailors’
female relatives should be
identified as family members
(50)        protected by the tailors’ guild
or as individuals under the
jurisdiction of the seam-
stresses’ guild.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T-4-8:GWD-13-16:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        outline a scholarly debate over the impact of the Parisian seamstresses’ guild
B.        summarize sources of conflict between the newly created Parisian seamstresses’ guild and the tailors’ guild
C.        describe opposing views concerning the origins of the Parisian seamstresses’ guild
D.        explore the underlying reasons for establishing an exclusively female guild in seventeenth-century Paris
E.        correct a misconception about changes in seamstresses’ economic status that took place in Paris in the late seventeenth century
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T-4-9:GWD-13-17:
According to the passage, one source of dissatisfaction for Parisian seamstresses after the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild was that
               
A.        seamstresses were not allowed to make and sell clothing for all women
B.        tailors continued to have the exclusive legal right to clothe men
C.        seamstresses who were relatives of tailors were prevented from becoming members of the seamstresses’ guild
D.        rivalry between individual seamstresses increased, thus hindering their ability to compete with the tailors for business
E.        seamstresses were not allowed to accept male tailors as members of the guild
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T-4-10:GWD-13-18:
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of seamstresses employed by relatives who were members of the tailors’ guild?
               
A.        They were instrumental in convincing Louis XIV to establish the seamstresses’ guild.
B.        They were rarely allowed to assist master tailors in the production of men’s clothing.
C.        They were considered by some tailors to be a threat to the tailors’ monopoly.
D.        They did not enjoy the same economic and legal privileges that members of the seamstresses’ guild enjoyed.
E.        They felt their status as working women gave them a certain degree of independence from the patriarchal family.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T-4-11:GWD-13-19:
The author mentions the seamstresses’ view of guild membership as a “mark of independence from the patriarchal family” (lines 40-41) primarily in order to

EE.        emphasize that the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild had implications that were not solely economic
FF.        illustrate the conflict that existed between tailors and their female family members over membership in the tailors’ guild
GG.        imply that the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild ushered in a period of increased economic and social freedom for women in France
HH.        provide an explanation for the dramatic increase in the number of women working as seamstresses after 1675
II.        indicate that members of the seamstresses’ guild were financially more successful than were tailors’ female relatives protected by the tailors’ guild