GMAT——GWD阅读题汇总

imjar

做了两次GWD后觉得想把每种题型再集中过一次，如果逐一打开每套题太费时间，我就把题按类型分了一下。希望对有同样需要的考友有帮助。


下载链接：http://forum.topway.org/viewthread.php?tid=213372&extra=

imjar

GWD-01 (妇女在战前的政治作用)

The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil War) political history and women’s history use separate sources and focus on separate issues.  Political histori ans   (5)        , examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians’writings, focus on the emergence in the 1840’s of a new “American politicalnation,” and since women were neither (10)        voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion.  Women’s historians, meanwhile, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal  records  (15)        such as wills, and records of  female associations to illuminate women’s domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman’s rights movement.
(20)        However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period.  For example, in the presidential election campaigns  (25)        of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s women by inviting them to rallies and speeches.  According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the (30)        party’s rallies gathered information
that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. (35)        Virginia Democrats, in response,began to make similar appeals to women as well.  By the mid-1850’s the inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become common place  (40)        , and the ideology that justified such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.
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Q4:       
The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
               
A.        examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
B.        trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement
C.        point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D.        discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
E.        contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry
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Q5:
According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda included the assertion that

A.        women should enjoy more political rights than they did
B.        women  were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family
C.        women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values
D.        women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior
E.        women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party
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Q6:       
According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-1850’s?
               
A.        They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.
B.        They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politics had led to the Whigs’ success in many elections.
C.        They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.
D.        They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’s rights movement.
E.        They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.

imjar

水的生态与三文鱼关系
Over the last 150 years, large stretches of salmon habitat have been eliminated by human activity mining, livestock grazing, timber (5) harvesting, and agriculture as well as recreational and urban development.  The numerical effect is obvious:  there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine  (10)         ones; however, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity.  This is most evident in cases where it results in the extinction of entire salmon  (15)        populations.  Indeed, most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many  extinct salmon populations. (20)        Although some rivers have been recolonized, the unique genes of the original populations have been lost.
Large-scale disturbances in  (25)        one locale also have the potential to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas, even if those areas have pristine
habitats.  Why?  Although the (30)        homing instinct of salmon to their natal stream is strong, a fraction of the fish returning from the sea (rarely more than 15 percent) stray and spawn in nearby (35)         streams.  Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be(40) repopulated should the fish here disappear.  Yet high rates of straying can be problematic
because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock (45)        to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted.  Stray ingrates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are (50)        stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance.  The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens ,for example, sent mud and debris (55)        into several tributaries of the Columbia River.  For the next couple of years, steelhead trout (a species included among the  salmonids) returning from the (60)        sea to spawn were forced to find alternative streams.  As a consequence, their rates of straying, initially 16 percent, rose to more than 40 percent (65)        overall.
Although no one has quantified changes in the rate of straying as a result of the disturbances caused by humans, there is no (70)        reason to suspect that the effect would be qualitatively different than what was seen in the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption.  Such a dramatic (75 ) increase in straying from damaged areas to more pristine streams results in substantial gene flow, which can in turn lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations.

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Q9:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative
B.        correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity
C.        compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations
D.        differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats
E.        describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction
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Q10:
It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which
               
A.        pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves
B.        the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved without dilution
C.        the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams
D.        an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover
E.        the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated
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Q11:
According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?
               
A.        An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers
B.        A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers
C.        A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers
D.        A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams
E.        A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction
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Q12:
The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to

A.        provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct
B.        indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere
C.        provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured
D.        show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams
E.        show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

imjar

海洋生物的生物钟
Recently biologists have been interested in a tide-associated periodic behavior displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a (5)        microscopic golden-brown alga that inhabits that portion of a shoreline washed by tides (the intertidal zone). Diatoms of this species, sometimes called “commuter” diatoms, remain (10)        burrowed in the sand during high tide, and emerge on the sand surface during the daytime low tide.Just before the sand is inundated by the rising tide, the diatoms burrow (15)        again.  Some scientists hypothesize that commuter diatoms know that it is low tide because they sense an environmental change, such as an alteration in temperature or a change (20)        in pressure caused by tidal movement.  However, when diatoms are observed under constant conditions in a laboratory, they still display periodic behavior, continuing to burrow  (25)        on schedule for several weeks. This indicates that commuter diatoms, rather than relying on environmental cues to keep time, possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock (30)        that enables them to anticipate periodic changes in the environment. A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock, a consequence of the unrelenting (35)         environmental pressures to which it is subjected; any diatoms that do not burrow before the tide arrives are washed away.
      This is not to suggest that the  (40)        period of this biological clock is
immutably fixed.  Biologists have concluded that even though a diatom does not rely on the environment to keep time, environmental  (45)        factors—including changes in the
tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salinity, mechanical agitation, and temperature—can alter the period of its biological clock according to (50)        changes in the tidal cycle.  In short, the relation between an organism’s biological clock and its environment is similar to that between a wristwatch and its owner:  the owner cannot (55)        make the watch run faster or slower,but can reset the hands.  However, this relation is complicated in intertidal dwellers such as commuter diatoms by the fact that these organisms are (60)exposed to the solar-day cycle as well as to the tidal cycle, and sometimes display both solar-day and
tidal periods in a single behavior.Commuter diatoms, for example, (65)        emerge only during those low tidesthat occur during the day.
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Q25:
The passage suggests which of the following about the accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock?
               
A.        The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock varies according to changes in the tidal cycle.
B.        The unusual accuracy that characterizes the commuter diatom’s biological clock is rare among intertidal species.
C.        The commuter diatom’s biological clock is likely to be more accurate than the biological clock of a species that is subject to less intense environmental pressures.
D.        The commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to be more accurate than the biological clocks of most other species because of the consistency of the tidal cycle.
E.        The accuracy of the commuter diatom’s biological clock tends to fluctuate when the diatom is observed under variable laboratory conditions.
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Q26:
The author of the passage compares the relationship between an organism’s biological clock and its environment to the relation between a wristwatch and its owner most probably in order to

A.        point out a fundamental difference between the function of biological clocks in organisms and the use of mechanical clocks by humans
B.        illustrate the way in which the period of an organism’s biological clock can be altered by environmental factors
C.        suggest that there are important similarities between the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom and the biological clock in humans
D.        support an argument regarding the methods used by certain organisms to counteract the influence of the environment on their biological clocks
E.        question the accuracy of the biological clock in organisms such as the commuter diatom
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Q27:
According to the passage, the periodic behavior displayed by commuter diatoms under constant laboratory conditions is characterized by which of the following?
               
A.        Greater unpredictability than the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
B.        A consistent periodic schedule in the short term
C.        No difference over the long term from the corresponding behavior under natural conditions
D.        Initial variability caused by the constant conditions of the laboratory
E.        Greater sensitivity to environmental factors than is the case under natural conditions

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Q28:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        dispute the influence of environmental factors on the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
B.        describe how certain tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata have changed over time
C.        compare tide-associated behavioral rhythms to solar-day behavioral rhythms in the diatom Hantzschia virgata
D.        examine how certain biological and environmental influences affect the tide-associated behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata
E.        identify certain environmental factors that limit the effectiveness of the biological clock in the diatom Hantzschia virgata

imjar

公司收购
In corporate purchasing,competitive scrutiny is typically limited to suppliers of items that are directly related to end products. (5)        With “indirect” purchases (such as computers, advertising, and legal services), which are not directly related to production, corporations often favor “supplier partnerships (10)        (arrangements in which the purchaser forgoes the right to pursue alternative suppliers), which can inappropriately shelter suppliers from rigorous competitive scrutiny (15)        that might afford the purchaser
economic leverage.  There are two independent variables—availability of alternatives and ease of changing suppliers—that companies should(20)        use to evaluate the feasibility of subjecting suppliers of indirect purchases to competitive scrutiny.This can create four possible situations.
(25)          In Type 1 situations, there are any alternatives and change is elatively easy.  Open pursuit of alternatives—by frequent competitive bidding, if possible—wil (30)likely yield the best results.  In Type 2 situations, where there are many alternatives but change
is difficult—as for providers of employee health-care benefits—it  (35)         is important to continuously test the market and use the results to secure concessions from existing suppliers.  Alternatives provide a credible threat to suppliers, even if  (40)        the ability to switch is constrained. In Type 3 situations, there are few alternatives, but the ability to switch without difficulty creates a threat that companies can use to negotiate (45)concessions from existing suppliers. In Type 4 situations, where thereare few alternatives and change is difficult, partnerships may be unavoidable.
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Q35:
Which of the following best describes the relation of the second paragraph to the first?
               
A.        The second paragraph offers proof of an assertion made in the first paragraph.
B.        The second paragraph provides an explanation for the occurrence of a situation described in the first paragraph.
C.        The second paragraph discusses the application of a strategy proposed in the first paragraph.
D.        The second paragraph examines the scope of a problem presented in the first paragraph.
E.        The second paragraph discusses the contradictions inherent in a relationship described in the first paragraph.

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Q36:
Which of the following can be inferred about supplier partnerships, as they are described in the passage?
A.        They cannot be sustained unless the goods or services provided are available from a large number of suppliers.
B.        They can result in purchasers paying more for goods and services than they would in a competitive-bidding situation.
C.        They typically are instituted at the urging of the supplier rather than the purchaser.
D.        They are not feasible when the goods or services provided are directly related to the purchasers’ end products.
E.        They are least appropriate when the purchasers’ ability to change suppliers is limited.
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Q37:
According to the passage, which of the following factors distinguishes an indirect purchase from other purchases?

A.        The ability of the purchasing company to subject potential suppliers of the purchased item to competitive scrutiny
B.        The number of suppliers of the purchased item available to the purchasing company
C.        The methods of negotiation that are available to the purchasing company
D.        The relationship of the purchased item to the purchasing company’s end product
E.        The degree of importance of the purchased item in the purchasing company’s business operations

imjar

GWD-03 (火星的生物体)
In 1994, a team of scientists led by David Mckay began studying the meteorite ALH84001, which had been discovered in Antarctica in 1984.  (5)        Two years later, the McKay team announced that ALH84001, which scientists generally agree originated on Mars, contained compelling evidence that life once existed on Mars (10)        This evidence includes the discovery
of organic molecules in ALH84001,the first ever found in Martian rock. Organic molecules—complex, carbonbased compounds—form the basis for(15)        terrestrial life.  The organic molecules found in ALH84001 are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAH’s.  When
microbes die, their organic material often decays into PAH’s.(20)   Skepticism about the McKay team’s claim remains, however.  For example,ALH84001 has been on earth for13,000 years, suggesting to some scientists that its PAH’s might have (25)resulted form terrestrial contamination .however, McKay’s team has demonstrated that the concentration of PAH’s increases as one looks deeper into ALH84001, contrary to what one would
(30)        expect from terrestrial contamination. The skeptic’s strongest argument, however, is that processes unrelated to organic life can easily produce allthe evidence found by McKay’ steam,
(35)         including PAH’s.  For example, star formation produces PAH’s.  Moreover, PAH’s frequently appear in other meteorites, and no one attributes         their presence to life processes.
(40)        Yet McKay’s team notes that the particular combination of PAH’s in ALH84001 is more similar to the combinations produced by decaying organisms than to those originating form
non-biological processes.
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Q5:       
The passage asserts which of the following about the claim that ALH84001 originated on Mars?
               
F.        It was initially proposed by the McKay team of scientists.
G.        It is not a matter of widespread scientific dispute.
H.        It has been questioned by some skeptics of the McKay team’s work.
I.        It has been undermined by recent work on PAH’s.
J.        It is incompatible with the face that ALH84001 has been on Earth for 13,000 years.
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Q6:       
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
F.        describe new ways of studying the possibility that life once existed on Mars
G.        revise a theory regarding the existence of life on Mars in light of new evidence
H.        reconcile conflicting viewpoints regarding the possibility that life once existed on Mars
I.        evaluate a recently proposed argument concerning the origin of ALH84001
J.        describe a controversy concerning the significance of evidence from ALH84001
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Q7:
The passage suggests that the fact that ALH84001 has been on earth for 13,000 years has been used by some scientists to support which of the following claims about ALH84001?

F.        ALH84001 may not have originated on Mars.
G.        ALH84001 contains PAH’s that are the result of nonbiological processes.
H.        ALH84001 may not have contained PAH’s when it landed on Earth.
I.        The organic molecules found in ALH84001 are not PAH’s.
J.        The organic molecules found in ALH84001 could not be the result of terrestrial contamination.

imjar

（印第安人的权利）
  In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes  (5)        to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent.  In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court’s assertion (10)        of a virtually unlimited unilateral power
of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs.  But he fails to note the decision’s more far-reaching (15)        impact:  shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation  (20)        of federal Indian policy.  Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which (25)        chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes.  But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate (30)        formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be (35)        passed by both houses of Congress. The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly
become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.
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Q12:
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
               
A.        identifying similarities in two different theories
B.        evaluating a work of scholarship
C.        analyzing the significance of a historical event
D.        debunking a revisionist interpretation
E.        exploring the relationship between law and social reality
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Q13:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?
               
A.        Some Native American tribes approved of the congressional action of 1871 because it simplified their dealings with the federal government.
B.        Some Native American tribes were more eager to negotiate treaties with the United States after the Lone Wolf decision.
C.        Prior to the Lone Wolf decision, the Supreme Court was reluctant to hear cases involving agreements negotiated between Congress and Native American tribes.
D.        Prior to 1871, the federal government sometimes negotiated treaties with Native American tribes.
E.        Following 1871, the House exercised more power than did the Senate in the government’s dealings with Native American tribes.
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Q14:
As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to

A.        point out that this episode in Native American history has received inadequate attention from scholars
B.        support the contention of the author of the passage that the Lone Wolf decision had a greater long-term impact than did the congressional action of 1871
C.        challenge the validity of the Supreme Court’s decision confirming the unlimited unilateral power of Congress in Native American affairs
D.        refute the argument of commentators who regard the congressional action of 1871 as the end of the era of formal negotiation between the federal government and Native American tribes
E.        introduce a view about the Lone Wolf decision that the author will expand upon
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Q15:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?

A.        The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.
B.        Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed.
C.        The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.
D.        The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers.
E.        Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

imjar

（公司决策）
  Why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans is poorly understood.  However, theory and limited research suggest that the (5)        process through which such plans emerge may play a part.  In particular, top management decision-sharing—consensus-oriented, team-based decision-making—may increase the (10)        likelihood that firms will adhere to their
plans, because those involved in the decision-making may be more committed to the chosen course of action, thereby increasing the likelihood that (15)        organizations will subsequently adhere to their plans.
However, the relationship between top management decision-sharing and adherence to plans may be affected (20)        by a firm’s strategic mission (its fundamental approach to increasing
sales revenue and market share, and generating cash flow and short-term profits).  At one end of the strategic (25)        mission continuum, “build” strategies are pursued when a firm desires to increase its market share and is willing to sacrifice short-term profits to do so. At the other end, “harvest” strategies (30)        are used when a firm is willing to sacrifice marked share for short-term
profitability and cash-flow maximization.  Research and theory suggest that top management decision-sharing  (35)         may have a more positive relationship with adherence to plans among firms with harvest strategies than among firms with build strategies.  In a study of strategic practices in several large (40)        firms, managers in harvest strategy scenarios were more able to adhere to their business plans.  As one of the managers in the study explained it, this is partly because “typically all a (45)        manager has to do [when implementing a harvest strategy] is that which was done last year.”  Additionally, managers under harvest strategies may have fewer strategic options than do (50)        those under build strategies; it may therefore be easier to reach agreement on a particular course of action through decision-sharing, which will in turn tend to promote adherence (55)        to plans.  Conversely, in a “build” strategy scenario, individual leadership, rather than decision-sharing, may promote adherence to plans. Build strategies—which typically(60)        require leaders with strong personal visions for a firm’s future, rather than the negotiated compromise of the team-based decision—may be most closely adhered to when (65)implemented in the context of a clear strategic vision of an individual leader, rather than through the practice of decision-sharing.
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Q23:
Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence (lines 17-24) of the second paragraph of the passage?
               
A.        To answer a question posed in the first sentence of the passage about why firms adopt particular strategic missions
B.        To refute an argument made in the first paragraph about how top management decision-making affects whether firms will adhere to their strategic plans
C.        To provide evidence supporting a theory introduced in the first paragraph about what makes firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plants
D.        To qualify an assertion made in the preceding sentence (lines 6-16) about how top management decision-making affects the likelihood that firms will adhere to their strategic plans
E.        To explain a distinction relied on in the second paragraph (lines 17-68) regarding two different kinds of strategic missions
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Q24:
The passage cites all of the following as differences between firms using build strategies and firms using harvest strategies EXCEPT
               
A.        their willingness to sacrifice short-term profits in order to build market share
B.        their willingness to sacrifice building market share in order to increase short-term profitability
C.        the number of strategic options available to their managers
D.        the relative importance they assign to maximizing cash-flow
E.        how likely they are to employ decision-sharing in developing strategic plans
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Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        identify some of the obstacles that make it difficult for firms to adhere to their strategic business plans
B.        compare two different theories concerning why firms adhere to or deviate from their strategic plans
C.        evaluate the utility of top management decision-sharing as a method of implementing the strategic mission of a business
D.        discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages of build and harvest strategies among several large firms
E.        examine some of the factors that may affect whether or not firms adhere to their strategic plans
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Q26:
The author includes the quotation in lines 44-47 of the passage most probably in order to

F.        lend support to the claim that firms utilizing harvest strategies may be more likely to adhere to their strategic plans
G.        suggest a reason that many managers of large firm prefer harvest strategies to build strategies
H.        provide an example of a firm that adhered to its strategic plan because of the degree of its managers’ commitment
I.        demonstrate that managers implementing harvest strategies generally have better strategic options than do managers implementing build strategies
J.        give an example of a large firm that successfully implemented a harvest strategy

imjar

（文艺复兴时期的妇女）
Historians who study European women of the Renaissance try to measure “independence,” “options,” and other indicators of the degree to which  (5)        the expression of women’s individuality was either permitted or suppressed. Influenced by Western individualism,
these historians define a peculiar form of personhood:  an innately bounded (10)unit,autonomous and standing apart from both nature and society.  An anthropologist, however, would contend
that a person can be conceived in ways other than as an “individual.”  In many  (15)        societies a person’s identity is not intrinsically unique and self-contained but instead is defined within a complex web of social relationships.
In her study of the fifteenth-century (20)        Florentine widow Alessandra Strozzi, a
historian who specializes in European women of the Renaissance attributes individual intention and authorship of actions to her subject.  This historian (25)        assumes that Alessandra had goals and interests different from those of her sons, yet much of the historian’s own research reveals that Alessandra acted primarily as a champion of her (30)        sons’ interests, taking their goals as her own.  Thus Alessandra conforms more closely to the anthropologist’s notion that personal motivation is embedded in a social context.  Indeed, (35)        one could argue that Alessandra did not distinguish her personhood from that of her sons.  In Renaissance Europe the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm(40)        and closed and did not necessarily
coincide with the boundaries of the bodily self.
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Q35:
The passage suggests that the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42) would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions regarding Alessandra Strozzi?
               
A.        Alessandra was able to act more independently than most women of her time because she was a widow.
B.        Alessandra was aware that her personal motivation was embedded in a social context.
C.        Alessandra had goals and interests similar to those of many other widows in her society.
D.        Alessandra is an example of a Renaissance woman who expressed her individuality through independent action.
E.        Alessandra was exceptional because she was able to effect changes in the social constraints placed upon women in her society.
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Q36:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which of the following about the study of Alessandra Strozzi done by the historian mentioned in the second paragraph (lines 19-42)?
               
A.        Alessandra was atypical of her time and was therefore an inappropriate choice for the subject of the historian’s research.
B.        In order to bolster her thesis, the historian adopted the anthropological perspective on personhood.
C.        The historian argues that the boundaries of the conceptual self were not always firm and closed in Renaissance Europe.
D.        In her study, the historian reverts to a traditional approach that is out of step with the work of other historians of Renaissance Europe.
E.        The interpretation of Alessandra’s actions that the historian puts forward is not supported by much of the historian’s research.
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Q37:       
In the first paragraph, the author of the passage mentions a contention that would be made by an anthropologist most likely in order to
               
A.        present a theory that will be undermined in the discussion of a historian’s study later in the passage
B.        offer a perspective on the concept of personhood that can usefully be applied to the study of women in Renaissance Europe
C.        undermine the view that the individuality of European women of the Renaissance was largely suppressed
D.        argue that anthropologists have applied the Western concept of individualism in their research
E.        lay the groundwork for the conclusion that Alessandra’s is a unique case among European women of the Renaissance whose lives have been studied by historians

imjar

GWD-05。 （经济发展和妇女的政治地位，投票权）
Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory (5)democracy;  according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic (10)        opportunities.  However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage. For example, why was women’s suffrage , (15)        instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970’s?  Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920:  over 33 percent(20)        of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to
(25)        which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanizationnly 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.  However, urbanization  (30)        cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.
Within the United States prior to 1920,for example, only less urbanized states
had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries
(35)        such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did.  It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.  However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon.
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Q5: GWD-4-5
The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?
               
A.        These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.
B.        These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C.        These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D.        The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E.        These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
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Q6: GWD-4-6
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage
B.        demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage
C.        discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage
D.        clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage
E.        explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage
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Q7: GWD-4-7
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A.        A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.
B.        There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.
C.        Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.
D.        Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E.        A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.