TN-19-4，请大家帮忙看看，多谢了。

springsound

想不明白阿，请大家帮忙看看，为什么第4题的答案是E，从哪里看出来的测试鸡对有毒食物的反应明显小于对喜欢食物的反应，从文中标红部分，我觉得应该反过来阿，请帮忙看看，多谢了。

Social learning in animals is said to occur when direct or indirect social interaction facilitates the acquisition of a novel behavior.It usually takes the form of an experienced animal (the demonstrator) performing a behavior such that the naïve animal (the observer) subsequently expresses the same behavior sooner, or more completely, than it would have otherwise.One example of social learning is the acquisition of preferences for novel foods.

Some experiments have suggested that among mammals, social learning facilitates the identification of beneficial food items, but that among birds, social learning helps animals avoid toxic substances. For example, one study showed that when red-wing blackbirds observed others consuming a colored food or a food in a distinctly marked container and then becoming ill, they subsequently avoided food associated with that color or container.Another experiment showed that house sparrows consumed less red food after they observed others eating red food that was treated so as to be noxious.Studies on nonavian species have not produced similar results, leading researchers to speculate that avian social learning may be fundamentally different from that of mammals.

But Sherwin’s recent experiments with domestic hens do not support the notion that avian social learning necessarily facilitates aversion to novel foods that are noxious or toxic.Even when demonstrator hens reacted with obvious disgust to a specific food, via vigorous head shaking and bill wiping, there was no evidence that observers subsequently avoided eating that food. Sherwin’s research team speculated that ecological or social constraints during the evolution of this species might have resulted in there being little benefit from the social learning of unpalatability, for instance, selective pressures for this mode of learning would be reduced if the birds rarely encountered noxious or toxic food or rarely interacted after eating such food, or if the consequences of ingestion were minimal. In a related experiment, the same researchers showed that if observer hens watched demonstrator hens react favorably to food of a particular color, then observer hens ate more food of that color than they ate of food of other colors. These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.

Q4:
According to the passage, which of the following is true of the experiments on domestic hens conducted by Sherwin’s research team?

a    Only a small number of observer hens appeared to learn to avoid food that was demonstrated by other hens to be noxious.

b   Observer hens ingested food preferentially only after numerous instances of witnessing demonstrator hens preferentially ingest that type of food.

c    Observer hens appeared unable to recognize when demonstrator hens found a particular food especially palatable.

d    Demonstrator hens reacted adversely to ingesting certain novel foods.

e    Demonstrator hens altered their behavior less obviously in response to noxious foods than in response to highly palatable foods.

ashleych

这题我认为选D

summerwaker

这篇也是我昨天做的错的超级惨烈。至于你讲的这道题目。愚见：定位最后
These results confirmed that avian species can develop preferences for palatable food through social learning.这个是作者的观点
但S对饲养母鸡的实验显示，鸟类）不一定从社交学习学会厌恶有害食物。这是反驳的观点。综上这个对比关系是有依据的。

但是这个是according to 的题目，应该是在原文有明显的对比关系照应的，但是我没找到。觉得这里还特地区分出demonstrator

和observer 没有必要。
求指点！！！

danielgc

这个是下面一道题目答案，E: The experiments show that social learning in avian species can promote the preferential consumption of beneficial foods but do not support the claim that social learning in avian species promotes the avoidance of noxious or toxic foods.
是不是也能印证上面的题目。
我觉得很多时候还是要理解了中心。直接用是否符合主旨就可以判断！！！！！关键就是我在第一次阅读的时候看不出主旨啊！！！头痛！！！快考试了！！！！