waffle

48.Antagonistic（反对的，敌对的 )symbiosis shrimp(虾，无足轻重的人)和sea butterfly *
V1第一段：现象shrimp和sea butterfly吸在一起，但是吸在一起之后，他自己 也容易被捕食者发现而且……（有题  shrimp 把sea butterfly带在一起之后，会有什么后果？选  subject to  predator ）

第二段：做了个实验说shrimp和sea butterfly在一起不容易被捕食，sea butterfly单独也不被吃，最后得出是sea butterfly这种东东释放一种chemical的东东，所以不被吃
第三段： 科学家比较了三种寄生关系： Mutualism，Commensalism，Parasitism  1 是两种都获利的   2是……（好像是一种得利一种被伤害了吧）  反正得出结论说  shrimp和butterfly不属于这两种任何一种 ,比较unique, 所以呢 科学家就很好像的给他new category 啦 ——叫antagonistic symbiosis ,然后的得出了 S和Butterfly呢 , 是一种S获利 ,但是Butterfly不受到伤害的 .后面还啰嗦一堆  就是解释呗
原题：
文章是：
1.解释了一种新的category  的产生   （Lz选的这个因为他之前神马类别都不是  在第三段科学家给他分类啦 ）
2 解释了一种phenomenon （当时那个纠结啊 •因为开头确实是说H背着A 大家都奇怪  后来科学家解释的  ）
3.有个infer 题  就是通过HA不是 1 或2 种寄生你能得出神马结论  
反正就不是一起去的利益  也不是 一个会损害另一个的利益   
Lz选的是  一个得利  另一个不受伤害
V3
Antagonistic symbiosis
   第一段写的是发现H.Ditata的动物有一个奇怪的行为，他们会把sea butterfly  背在背上什么的，说这样会减少A动物的行动力让他们降低捕食能力并且更容易被捕食（这里有一道细节题，问A动物这种行为会是自己产生什么后果，A:it will be more subject to predation. E: it will not move as quickly as it could.主要就是这两个中间一个。
第二段写的好像是一个实验科学家做了一个实验，把专门吃HD的鱼和HD还有seabutterfly放在一起，结果鱼不敢吃HD。后来就得出结论，说seabutterfly会释放一种化学物质来保护HD
第三段是高亮，就是解释这种现象的，说了这个现象跟之前发现的symbiosis的3种分类都不符合，列出了3种分类，然后给出一个新的分类叫antagonistic symbiosis题目是1）symbiosis的3种分类都不符合？2）主旨题
文章再补充一个细节吧，就是说科学家发现那个生物从来不会带着死掉的海蝴蝶跑，所以估计那个生物应该都是抓活的海蝴蝶。
同时对比了CRAB，这个CRAB也会拿一些来装饰自己的壳。但是与H不同的是，他不是特定的抓取某种物质，而是抓的是他随手能及的东西，也就是没有特定化。
V6
1. T和W研究 关于一种动物相互捕食的现象。并说这个现象是有充分理由的 是为了教育pup如何捕食。 这个现象是： adults在 PUP面前捕食pup然后喂给老的成员吃。
2. T和W用了两个实验去证明。
1. 说在一研究组里边， adults只有在pup在场目击时才往往捕食pup。2. 在一个实验组里边 给提供活的猎物。  只有观看过adults捕食pup的那些pup相对更多的 糊了口。 没看过的 2/3都在干瞪眼。
对第二段一段以后全部划线 问作用（PS相当壮观 第一次见那种划法。）

waffle

49.  大脑神经@
V2讲人类头脑
一开始是一个名词, N打头很长.作者说这个词不只是一个fancy name for 大脑学习和甚么的, 更是和大脑如果发生damage的时候有关. 这篇文章确切段落不记得了,但是整篇大意是说人类的头脑很厉害的,就算是damage了也会自行修正. 比如说某一个刺激的接收的部分坏了,大脑就会用别的地方来执行这个功能. 作者还说这种修正不只是对外界的刺激接收有用,有些internal的mental部分,也有被观察到改变修正(有考点) 作者还用了一个比喻,说这就像是一个建筑原本是用别的用处现在改成另外一个用处
问题有类似逻辑题,问下面哪个选项跟这种N的修正很像,我选的是像是一个储藏室被拿来当做office (应该没错)
还有作者是如何写这篇文章,应该是作者用example 和analogy去解释.
考古 已确定
大脑        
V4 by mochii
s的单词是synapses.  (The actual figuresvary greatly, depending on the local neuroanatomy.) The brain's network of neurons forms a massively parallel information processing system.
第一段: s的单词: synapses. 最后一句话的单词是: process information. modular memory basis被highlight了, 出题问了它出现在文中的作用是什么?
第二段: 对brain process information的过程进行了学术性的描写. 说了cortex之类的东西.
第三段就是举例说明了. 就是说brain的function从原本我们认为的perform one function变成了can perform different tasks at the same time.反正原则就是: 单一性变成了多元化, 内部联系紧密的这么一个感觉.
第三段的这里出了那个JJ里面的模拟题: 作者文章中的一个example类似下面的哪个选项?
选项有: college students move into a new apartment building; an old street became a new street. a messy storage room became an office. tourists go visit a museum. 还有一个不记得了.

V5 by alexl39（750 V40）
说大脑就是adulthood也能改变功能，第二段第三段具体说这个事，文章第三段有一句话，说大脑能怎么怎么样不仅是在外界刺激，也可以人为故意的（考点！把人为有目的的这个词组重新改写了）貌似狗狗上有。有一题问文章最support哪个选项？我选的是Ordinarily，有个有某功能的大脑部分是不能干另外一件事情的。（因为一般要经过训练或者怎么的）
第三段有说很多例子表明人在成年以后也可以通过后天努力（effort）改变大脑功能。。。这句话有一题，问的是以下哪个选项在文章中有evidence支持（大概是这个意思）
V7by jadeyang（710 V37）
第一段说的是大脑的某块区域，不是s。
第二段说到这个区域功能beyond什么什么（我觉得是传统功能）。控制可以从肘elbow（悔不背单词，这词我刚查的）到右手控制，从对外界刺激到什么（哎，什么和什么嘛）（有题就我选了那个什么不是很容易被感受刺激的）
第三段说，这个区域不仅仅对外界刺激反应，对mental影响也有反应。（有题我就选到这个选项，选项有个关键词internal刺激。）
V12 by fiaoyaya（760 V41）
说neuroplasty的。
第一段说nuroplasty是learning的fancy definition。然后主要介绍了一下它的含义以及人的大脑在成年后也会有所变化。
第二段比较重要，主要的意思是说nuroplasty并不是使大脑 各部分现有的功能更强大（还是变得更大我忘记了），而是使原来控制某种功能的大脑部分具备另外的功能，这个是作者给出的remapping的含义。然后举 了2个例子，一个是说人们经过一段时间的培训，原本控制elbow的部分也可以控制左手。然后另外一个例子，这个例子具体是什么我忘记了。
第三段说人们在成年以后可以alter（这个词是选项里面用的，原文不是用的alter这个词，但是这个意思）大脑。不只是外部的刺激才可以改变大脑，然 后说evidence表明内部的efforts也是可以的（外部的刺激作者说是stimuli，内部的好像说是mental efforts)。文章大意只能记住这么多。
题目主要有：
1）从文章中可以infer到什么选项，我选的是人们在成年后也可以改变大脑；
2）关于remapping, 说下列哪个属于remapping，我选的是原本控制其他部分活动的大脑现在也可以控制forehead了；
3）好像是关于evidence（这个词出现 在第三段的后面部分），我选的答案是说人们可以通过intention什么什么改变大脑，这个具体的意思现在忘记了。
4) 有一题问文章最support哪个选项？我选的是Ordinarily，有个有某功能的大脑部分是不能干另外一件事情的。（因为一般要经过训练或者怎么的）

waffle

50.19世纪温度 (一长段)*
V2 fshxwwkaren 700+ 12.5
问题：
1.主旨题.
2.说C的问题出在哪里？ 选项有他的证据里面有自相矛盾.G就发现了
3.从G(就是反对C的那个人)的研究可以推论出什么？
V2 nickthegreek 660 12.7
题目有道：问1976年研究的那波人，他们的研究导致了下列的那个结果？
选项有：别的研究者开始质疑他们把tropic ocean sediment作为evidence。我选得是这个（乱选，各位同学别参考），其它的记不清楚了。
还有道是主题题
考古
9.冰川时期温差变化的实验
V2 by alex6219 （690）
还有个第几篇也不知道了，说呀冰川时代赤道那边降温的事情，说是一开始认为赤道降的比一般的少好象，然后有个鸟人说是他用什么方法研究出来的呢？原来啊，用的某个叫F**的动物，额，反正是个生物，用他们的骨架子研究的，还搀和到什么SEDIMENT，我没好好看，好象有某题某选项里有SEDIMENT这个词语出现，我不管了最后。然后啊到了某某年，另一个鸟人就来了，他说这个研究不对啊，说是骨架子没不说明问题，对的，说骨架子不ACCURATE，然后他用了个在珊瑚里的化学物质，说是这个物质和该珊瑚所在的区域的水温是有关系的，记得一个题目，怎么问忘了，但很坏，文章里只说了化学物质DEPEND ON THE CHANGE OF海水温度，没说成正反比，然后有一选项说化合物随温度增加而增加，坏透坏透，我曾经被骗进了那么半分多钟

1．  C这个人的研究的结论不正确，跟一下那个选项有矛盾？
2．  从D(就是反对C的那个人)的研究可以推论出什么？
V6 by dshimuro
我補一下, 文章只有一段, 開頭說一個scientist D(還是C?) 對於tropical region 那做了一個實驗, 結果說 tropical ocean 的溫度remains high, whereas其他地方的水在最近一次的 ice age 降了5度.  
而那個D用來研究溫度的媒介, 就是一種在tropical 海底的sediment (沉澱物), D的研究同時也反映了 tropical land和其他地方的land的溫度比較關係, 我沒細看這.
後來有一個recent study (沒說誰) 說溫度變化是universal的, 並非tropical 地區降溫比較少(也沒給解釋), 進而質疑了D的實驗(這邊重要).  基於這個原因, 另外一個scientist G 就著手往一個 Ba 開頭的海岸去找尋證據. 他用了一種coral 中的chemical sensitive to temperature. G 的實驗結果證實了再最近一次的溫度下降是universal.
題目有一題是說G的實驗結果證明了什麼?
選項有什麼ocean and land 溫度差多少多少啦, tropical land 和其他地方溫度怎麼樣啦, 不過都不是我選的, 因為文章沒有直接給.
我選了D, 說G的實驗證明了Ba那個海岸的海水in fact cooled.  我肯定. 這個是以最少的文章資訊能得到最broad的答案.
另外一題說recent study 說明了D的研究的什麼:
有一個干擾選項: D’s study is inaccurate because the sediment used 還是什麼的. 那個不對, 文章沒有給這個inaccurate的形容詞.
我選了, D’s study is limited it can not support a hypothesis about ocean water 還是類似的.
V7 by linkoo07
冰川时代温差变化（最后一题问第二个学者的研究indicate了什么，我选的是什么海水cool off减慢了某钟海洋生物的成长
V8 by chenxiaomiao(740)
这篇寂静里没怎么写题，我补充一下
1.第二个科学家G的实验infer什么，我选了E 说temperature cooling 会让珊瑚生长缓慢什么的。但现在又琢磨着不太对了，文中只是说珊瑚跟temperature有关，但没说是变慢……
2.第一个科学家的结论为什么是problematic 这个我比较确定，选的是因为跟existing finding矛盾，因为原文说了since1976好多别的studies就说他不对了，A选项是说他认为热带比别的地方 cool less，跟prior 1976之前的观点比，我觉得不对，文中没说之前的研究吧
3.主旨：我选的compare两种观点，有个选项是advocate后者，但我觉得作者没有明确态度支持谁
最后一篇时我其实时间非常充裕，但心里像有把火在烧似的就是静不下心读，不然寂静能再好一点

waffle

51. Sprawl （无序扩展）@
结构很清楚，生词很多
有一道题问第2段和第3，4段的关系
题目：
说第二段和第三四段的关系，我选的是二是讲有什么影响了，三是纠正一些以前觉得有影响但实际上没有的。
有好几个题貌似都问到了什么是有影响的，什么不是，不单纯是二三四段里的描述，感觉跟细致些。文章很长一屏多，定位很关键。 By glinia 640
V3
2。城市扩张 CITY SPRWAL
第一段：以前对于城市扩张的研究都是依据推测，最近发明一种方法，可以通过卫星图片检测。
第二段：讲了三种因素对城市扩张的影响。他们是CLIMATE,HILLS,WATER。这三种都是有影响的。
第三段：讲了道路系统对城市没有影响。虽然以前一直认为有。
第四段：讲了城市行政划分对城市扩张没有影响。虽然以前一直认为有。
第五段：总结
考古
A View Of Urban Sprawl From Outer Space Recent urban development in Los Angeles is less scattered than recent development in Boston. Miami is America's most compact big city and Pittsburgh is most sprawling. Changing the number or size of municipal governments in a metro area has no impact on whether or not urban development is scattered, but controlling access to groundwater does.
【控制地下水has impact on是否城市发展呈分散化】
  These are among the startling findings from a University of Toronto-based team of researchers who used satellite data and aerial photography to create a grid of 8.7 billion data cells tracking the evolution of land use in the continental United States.
          Matthew Turner and Diego Puga of the University of Toronto, Marcy Burchfield of the Neptis Foundation, a Toronto-based organization focused on urban and regional research, and Henry Overman of the London School of Economics present their findings in the May issue of The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in a paper entitled Causes of Sprawl: A Portrait（标本，模型） from Space. Heavily illustrated with Geographic Information System images, the paper challenges conventional wisdom about urban sprawl and presents a vivid and detailed picture of land consumption in America's cities.
【新研究出现】
          Though urban sprawl is widely regarded as an important environmental and social problem, according to the authors, much of the debate over sprawl is based on speculation. The data to conduct detailed and systematic measurement of how and where land is converted to urban use has, until now, simply not been available. Despite widespread interest in the topic, "we know next to nothing （差不多没有）about the extent to which development is scattered or compact, and how this varies across space," they write. 【新研究的局限：based on speculation】
          The authors merged high-altitude photos from 1976 with satellite images from 1992 (the most recent available) to create a grid of 8.7 billion 30-metre by 30-metre cells that tracks land use changes nationwide. "The data set we've constructed is unprecedented（空前的） in that we have coverage of the whole continental United States with a very high degree of accuracy for two time periods. That's never been done before," says Turner.【新研究的优势：覆盖面广，精确性accuracy】
          The new high-resolution data allow the authors to observe the amount of open space in the neighborhood of every house in every U.S. city. Since development is more scattered when there is more open space around a house, the authors measured urban sprawl by calculating the average amount of open space in the neighborhood of a house in each city.【measure urban sprawl 的具体方法】
          They found that more recent residential development is not any more（不再）
scattered than development was in 1976. Forty two per cent of land in the square kilometre surrounding the average residential development in 1976 was open space, compared with 43 per cent in 1992. "While a substantial amount of scattered residential development was built between 1976 and 1992, overall residential development did not become any more biased toward such sprawling areas."【结论一：scatter现象不再明显了】
          The authors are quick to point out that any one household would have seen much change in the study period, but that "if we zoom out and look at the city from a distance, we see little change, at least in terms of the proportions of sprawling and compact development: the new city is just like an enlarged version of the old city."【结论二：虽然household 的变化大，但实际city的sprawling并不明显。】
          Overall, Boston is less scattered than Atlanta, however recent development in Boston has been less compact than recent development in Atlanta. Miami, San Francisco and Los Angeles were the most compact major cities, while Pittsburgh and Atlanta were the most scattered.
          The authors also investigated why some cities are more sprawling than others. They found that a city's climate, topography and access to groundwater account for 25 per cent of the nationwide variation. When the climate is temperate, people spread out to have more space to enjoy the weather.【研究城市之间sprawling的不同：1，适度气候导致人们spread out】
          Hilly places see more scattered development as people avoid the costs of building on hillsides — but mountains act as a barrier and lead to more compact development. Places with easy access to groundwater see more scattered development, since people can supply remote houses with water by drilling inexpensive wells rather than paying for water lines. 【研究城市之间sprawling的不同：2，avoid cost of building on hill】
加亮部分有题：估计是推理题，问 mountain对scatter现象的作用有什么不同.这里把握住作者态度即可：hillside会导致scatter，mountain却反而 more compact. (因为山脉上没法建房子，人们只好集中在较为平坦的地方了，想想四川盆地。。而城市有hillside的就会往周边扩展，山上的房子造价太高～想想香港浅水湾山上豪宅那个贵，所以只能填海了。。)

          "The presence of aquifers（蓄水层） is particularly important," says Turner, "and that seems to me to have policy implications. It looks as if controlling access to groundwater is an important way to control whether development spreads or not."【照应文章第一段观点：控制地下水源决定了城市扩张程度】
          Roads, on the other hand, have no impact on the extent to which development is scattered, despite commonly held beliefs to the contrary. "We looked at a lot of measures of road density — miles of road per area, average distance to a road, distance to an interstate exit — and we could find no relation between those measures and the scatteredness of development," Turner says.
          The number of municipalities in a metropolitan area also does not affect development patterns. "You hear about fragmentation of jurisdictions being an important determinant of development patterns and we could find no evidence for that," says Turner. However, the team also found that development near cities is less scattered if it occurs in a municipality than if it occurs in an unincorporated area of a county. This suggests that people may be moving out to just beyond municipal boundaries in order to avoid more stringent municipal regulations.
【猜想1】：这里可以考municipalities影响cities to be not less scattered than unincorporated area的原因：avoid more stringent regulations.
【猜想2】：上面几个 红色短语可以考except题。
  One of the common complaints about urban sprawl is that as development spreads, municipal services such as roads, sewers, police and fire protection are more expensive. The authors suggest that this concern is well founded. Development in municipalities that receive larger subsidies from higher levels of government is, on average, more scattered. Says Puga, "This suggests that as local taxpayers are held accountable（=responsible） for infrastructure costs, they respond by insisting on patterns of development that require less infrastructure spending."
  "People have been eager to rush to policy prescriptions without a very good understanding of the underlying phenomena," says Turner. "We wanted to try to put the policy discussion on sounder footing."
。。。
如下考古版本来源是：http://forum.liuxuehome.com/showtopic-215844.aspx
86. duckfish  21号
1. 关于urban sprawl的（到现在还不知道是啥东东－，－），大体意思是说urban sprawl是一个社会问题也是个环境问题。有很多理论在争论引起
urban sprawl的原因到底是什么，一个小组勇敢的站了出来，开始收集相关的数据，以取得footing。他们首先发现climate是一个原因，in mild
climate, people tend to spread out. 还发现hill和mountain也是原因，hill是引起人们在hilly地方建造的成本，而mountain则是barrier，
帮助compact city（有道题目说hill和mountain起direct 作用，我觉得是错的）；还有地下水也有帮助，easy access to groundwater may help. （有题）
然而他们发现有些大家都认为的原因其实是没有作用的，一个是road，虽然他们收集了很多数据，但是没有证据表明road会影响；一个是法规的制约，
他们发现也没有什么用，但是解释说可能是由于人们倾向于住在城市边缘正好外面的地方，这样可以不受约束；然后他们发现有些common wisdom还是  
有用的。然后提到说由于城市的建设需要纳税人的钱，所以纳税人更倾向于向一些基础设施比较便宜的地方发展。

waffle

52.nature
有xxxstorm, summer, in winter, soid 什么的

waffle

53. Milankovitch Cycles关于气候变化和orbit@
V2
第三篇讲关于地球orbit和气候的改变,两段,第二段整段highlight

作者一开始就说 , 一个人M 在以前做了研究, 好像是用化石层的分布然后发表了理论.说ice age发生是有一定的时间规律..
第二段就说,但是呢,1950年人们用了新科技发现这个M是错的 (有考点). 用着甚么其他地方的化石还是甚么的. 但是呢作者接着说, 1970年人们又用了新科技证明M是对的!!!!! 最后说到虽然到现在M的许多理论都还没被证实 (有考点)
问题
1.有问第二段的作用,   
2.这篇文章的主旨,   
3.那些1950年的人如果用更新的科技的话就不会怎样  
(我选就不会不支持M的理论)

题目：
1.如果反驳orbit理论的那波人，他们的evidence 更accurate一些，会如何如何。看了看跟着JJ上对的答案选了，会比较小概率的去质疑M的理论，觉得挺靠谱。
2第2段有highlight的作用
一开始有个研究反驳，然后又出来一个研究为米兰的研究做辩解。最后的结论就是米兰的结论是acceptable的。
考古 2.3.3
Milankovitch Cycles Theory
Milankovitch cycles theory is about the frequency of ice age. Milankovich proposed that the temperature of earth has something to do with the position of the earth in the orbit around sun. However it did not gain acceptance until 1968 when Dr. Imbrie presented additional evidence for M theory. He meassured the isotope level in small seashell deposit and the change of isotope abundancy corresponds with the temperature change.
However, later on, a geochemist tested the samples from Devil's Hole, a place in south Nevada and the results did not match with the previous results.
Even thought Dr. Imbrie still think M theory was valid, he conceded that many other factors contribute to the isotope level. It maybe why the results did not match.
V2
1.先是陈述了 这个理论 然后说当时人们只能在实验条件不足的情况下 有些人研究了一下化石一类的，大体的承认这个理论
2.但是1950年出了个A.B 研究了一些东西，carbon rating之类的，说是理论错误了。（我觉得段时间内人们都不再接受M的理论了.随着科技的进步,应该是旧的改良结合很多其它新的technology, 出现了 证明了AB的 证据索取是比较片面的  M再次被人们接受。
问题：1. A..B. 对MilankovitchCycles Theory的看法
理论错误了
2. 主题题：
选的不同的方法对某一科学推断的研究和看法(没有一个选项提到了Milankovitch CyclesTheory,所以猜测某一科学推断指代Milankovitch Cycles Theory)。
3．Infer: 说如果第一段那些“当时人们”有accurate carbondating technologies 的时候，他们会怎样？
4. 不记得了MilankovitchCycles Theory的看法
V4
米兰先生那个冰河时期的理论，jj的考古很有用，居然4道题！
第二段有考点，就是那个infer的题目，说以前如果也用了carbon那个方法，会怎样
还有就是新的学者（高亮了）认为米兰先生的theory的一个评价。。。
米兰柯维奇(Milankovitch)天文气候学理论和第四纪地质时期以来冰期的研究进展.研究结果表明,地球上的冰体积具有近10万yr的变化周期,并伴有近4万yr和2万yr的变化周期,它们是由于地球的轨道根数变化导致的气候变迁所致;不同的地球物理资料中均存在上述类似的变化周期,表明气候变迁所导致的变化是全球性效应,证实米兰柯维奇天文理论是基本正确的。 这个像不像jj里讲的mm理论？    冰川变化 地球轨道

waffle

大全上的
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.

1.         In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2.    The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
3.    It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
4.    According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
5.    It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
6.    According to the passage, which of the following is (are) true of the ice ages?
I.    The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.
II.    Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
III.    Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and only
(E) I, II and III
7.    It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
8.    The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9.    According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth

OADBCBCEAB

waffle

54. hurricane对maximum sustained风速的定位*
V1另一篇是写风暴眼的，研究比较了风暴眼外围和中心的强度（storm wall& storm eye），
有题问到有个房子在16th floor story?处在什么情况下其窗户最容易被风broken。我记得好像选了200mile那个
V2
P1: 过去对hurricane风速的研究使用的方法只能测量flight level的风速（1600 feet高度），后来一种新的技术（貌似是可以卫星定位之类的）可以测量相对ground level的风速。这里涉及到2部分风速的测量，near the eye & out of the eye，对于near the eye，max通常发生在一个XX高度，而对于out of the eye则发生在更高处。其中说到一个例子，说near the eye30层高处比地面处风速快20miles/h（有题）。然后说地面相对于高空风速，near the eye地面是高空的90%，out of the eye地面是高空的78%
P2: 但是新的研究得到的结论也如何如何不特别有效，还有很多其他factors也会影响风速（有题）

Questions:
1). 提到P2中其他factors的作用
不特别有效
2). 貌似是primary purpose

3). 最绕的一道是说given30层处的玻璃在200miles/h的风速下就会碎掉，则在以下那种情况下30楼的玻璃碎的可能性最大：
LZ选的是flight level的地方风速200miles/h的时候
说以前条件不容许研究 风暴中eyewall的 具体问题。但是科技进步，利用太空中的航拍技术（我理解的） 可以得到一系列的关于风暴的图片。 可以显示EYEWALL的问题了。
对比了 在eyewall 和 风暴周边的 速度。 一系列比较。  最后还得出EYEWALL的速度其实是多方面受影响的：还和周围条件 不然气候 温度有关的
V4
Hurricane P1-如何探测风暴强度的一个research，提到一个aircraft带着A物体上升到空中可以探测到aircraft 自身高度以及below的位置的风暴强度（这里有一个推断题，推断A物体的一些特性，我选的是A物体只能探测到比自己位置低的风）接着讲通过这个探测，发 现eye wall的风力强度最大，它的outside一般就是90左右的风力，而到了它相对的地面的时候风里就只有78%了（这里有一个推断题，说如果测到 eyewall风力为200km/h,那么某地的风力是多少）
P2-提到现实中的一个hurricane, 说它实际上的风力低于用第一段提出的那个方法预测出来的风力，作者有一个judge说说明这种方法还需要更多的practice证据，来更好的验证完善它

waffle

补充背景信息
贴出来一小段是跟原文由关的，就当不充背景知识吧，原文除了这段还写了不通高度不同距离之间风速的区别；
Since 1997, forecasters have used Global Positioning System dropwindsondes, a measuring device dropped from hurricane reconnaissance aircraft into the eyewall—the windiest part of the hurricane. The sonde system measures temperature, barometric pressure, water vapor, and wind data every 15 feet on its way down.
This new method gave meteorologists an important glimpse into the true strength of these devastating storms. The analyses of the dropwindsonde data indicated that, on average, the maximum sustained surface-wind speed was about 90 percent of the wind speed measured at the 10,000-foot aircraft level flown as Andrew approached south Florida. In 1992 Andrew's wind speed was estimated at 75 to 80 percent of the aircraft observations. The research findings resulted in an increase in the estimated wind speeds of Hurricane Andrew from 145 mph to 165 mph.

waffle

55.关于宇宙行星
第三篇 关于宇宙行星
JJ上没有。。说通常碰撞后星系中会有一些小的碎片。。 然后根据什么推断它们很年轻。 后来新发现这种行星也有上10^ 年的（ 很老的意思）， 而且还没有卫星。 然后就有科学家出来解释原因 说了4 点。结构还蛮清楚的， 就是关于星系的生词多。  
有一屏半