- 精华
- 44
- 积分
- 41210
- 经验
- 41210 点
- 威望
- 4275 点
- 金钱
- 14939 ¥
- 魅力
- 10840
|
Chapter 4 PARALLELISM
1、句子中具有可比性的部分需要在逻辑和语法结构上都平行;平行常常能够通过一些词的存在而找到。平行结构的存在并不意味着平行制造词一定存在,只要是以相同的方式表达两个或以上的事物,都要求平行。平行并不要求各个平行部分的每个词都平行,只需要中心词平行即可。
2、句子中几乎所有的成分都可以使用平行结构。其中,从句平行必须以同样的引导词开头。如:I want to retire to a place WHERE I can relax AND WHERE the taxes are low.
3、平行结构虽然要求简洁,但是不能省略平行部分的要素。如: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.
4、And是平行结构中最常用的词,在句子中见到and时,一定要注意寻找平行结构的各个平行项目。And只出现在最后一个平行项目前面,其他的平行项目用逗号分割;在从句平行时,如果从句较长,可在and前面加上逗号。
5、句子中可能会出现多组平行或者多层的平行,此时要区分不同的逻辑层次,区分在不同逻辑层次下的平行。比如:She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.
在这个句子中,出现了多组并列的对象,有可能在SC的原句中这些对象的排列是错误的,此时必须分清楚逻辑层次,把不同逻辑层次的平行对象分别处理好。如:
She argues THAT the agency actsWITH reckless abandon
AND
WITH disregard for human life
AND
property,
AND
THAT it should therefore be abandoned.
6、一些必须使用平行结构的惯用语:
X Acts As Y Distinguish X from Y X is the Same As Y
As X, So Y Estimate X To Be Y X is good, and So Too is Y
Between X And Y X Instead Of Y X, Such As Y(example)
Compare To X, Y X is Known To Be Y Think Of X As Y
Consider X Y X is Less Than Y X is Thought To Be Y
In Contrast To X, Y Make X Y View X As Y
Declare X Y Mistake X For Y Whether X Or Y
X, Develops Into Y Not Only X(,) But Also Y
X Differs From Y Regard X As Y
7、区分真平行还是假平行:在使一个句子语法结构上做到平行之前,必须首先确认句子的逻辑意思是否暗示了平行。不要假设句子里所有的动词、动词短语都是平行的。如:
Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, AND leaving late every night.
在这个句子中,apply是中心谓语,而arriving, skipping和leaving都是为了补充提供更多的信息来说明Sal如何apply himself,是从属性的。如果没有理解句子逻辑意思而使所有动词都平行,就会导致句子意思的改变。
8、注意主系表结构。除了表示实际动作的动词,还有一些动词是表示主语是什么,主语的状态怎么样的动词,也就是系动词。当使用系动词表达主语的一些特点时,主语和宾语(实际是表语)在句子结构上是平行的(也就是必须是同一词性、性质的事物),同时在逻辑意思上也必须是平行的。如:
The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.WRONG.Bouquet和giving不平行。
The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.RIGHT.
常见系动词
To Be Other Linking Verbs
is appear seem
are become smell
was feel sound
were grow stay
am look taste
been remain turn
been represent
being resemble
注意不要把进行时结构和被动结构中的BE动词看做暗示平行结构。
OG相关题目: 6.11.14,15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52,53,55,56,62,65,72,777,81,83,D36,D39,D46
OG VERBAL(2nd):1,2,3,4,6,15,16,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61,63,67 |
|