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2.2. Geography & Geology
2.2.1. 火山熔岩的来由(2010-8-13)
文章结构和内容
第一段,讲火山爆发来源于Mantle中的Lava,而Lava来源于Melt,说是由地下升起来的,Melt在向地表上升的过程中会与Mantle中的Rock反应(exchange of atoms between the melt and the minerals that makeup the solid rock it passes through)并不断变化结构,即溶解Orthopyroxene 并在背后沉淀出Olivine(The experiments revealed that as melt rises, it dissolves one kind of mineral, orthopyroxene, and precipitates, or leaves behind, another mineral, olivine.)。如果Melt如研究人员所想的那样在空洞中缓慢移动的话,那么所有的Melt都应该反映出距离地面最近的Mantle中的Rock的成分,至少距离地面10km。
第二段,讲在地下45千米突然发现Melt的结构不变了,这是怎么回事呢?若是不变它如何上来的呢?提出一种假设说是Melt沿着裂缝(open cracks)上来的,速度太快来不及反应(Open cracks would allow the melt to rise so rapidly that it would not have time to interact with the surrounding rock, nor would melt in the core of the crack ever touch the sides.),但第一,这种dikes在地幔形成,而不是45km以下(The problem with this interpretation was that the dikes are filled with rock that crystallized from a melt that formed in the uppermost reaches of the mantle, not below 45 kilometers, where most mid-ocean ridge lavas originate.);第二,10km以下,地幔就是流动的了,而不会有裂缝(In addition, the icebreaker scenario may not work well for the melting region under mid-ocean ridges: below about 10 kilometers, the hot mantle tends to flow like caramel left too long in the sun, rather than cracking easily.),所以这种假设立即被否定了。另一种假设是Melt在之前的上升过程中已经吸收了足够的Orthopyroxene,在岩壁上只剩下不能溶解的Olivine, 无法再反应了,而只能记录下Melt最后一次遇到Orthopyroxene的深度。一个推论是:只有在边缘的Melt才能溶解岩壁上的Orthopyroxene,而中间的的Melt则可以在上升中保持纯净(Over time, however, so much melt passes through the channels that all the soluble orthopyroxene crystals dissolve away, leaving only crystals of olivine and other minerals that the melt is unable to dissolve. As a result, the composition of the melt within such channels can no longer adjust to decreasing pressure and instead records the depth at which it last “saw” an orthopyroxene crystal. One of the most important implications of this process, called focused porous flow, is that only the melt at the edges of channels dissolves orthopyroxene from the surrounding rock; melt within the inner part of the conduit can rise unadulterated.)
题目
是什么可以证明这种exchange的存在
V1 lab experiment
V2 Using specialized equipment to heat and squeeze crystals from mantle rocks in the laboratory
一道文章最后句定位
我选orthopyroxene的用完了,exchange就停止了
是什么发生反应
选melt
Source: (Golden)大家批判性地看看吧, 不是原文 http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/volcan&magma.htm
(疑似)原文未缩减:详见Background文档 |
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