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1.1.8.        软件产品
V1 angelaxjc
第一段 Software product，先是解释这个概念。
第二段 说一些manufacturer开始免费提供software product,这使得一些enterprise/企业失去了市场，（此处有个考题）

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1.1.9.        技术全球化(2010-8-15)

文章结构和内容
第一段说随着全球化和跨国公司使得市场的INTERNATIONAL(要不就是technoglobalization),包括TECHNOLOGY也在各个国家间交流,这里有题,大概问全球化有什么变化什么的. 然后列举了四个internationalization的几个具体形式（考点——列举except题，有一个选项要推导一下，不是直接列举出来的）
第二段说但国家实力的对比包括其资源、资本及技术优势方面的比较（该处有考点——except题），所以很多国家出于对自己国家利益的保护，拒绝分享技术进步的成果，不参与国际合作，搞技术本国化（technology national），阻碍技术的交流,企图保持自己的优势，他们把技术当做一种资产，觉得如果把技术放到国外要流失，有点像以前的国家保护自己的自然资源似的,这里有题,问说有些保护技术怎样怎样,记住是有点过时了的意思.然后又说一个企业在技术上的投资,现在如果产品是只面对国内市场的化,是无法收回成本的,这里有题,问现在的技术投资有什么特点.
第三段举例说什么有的国家也参与到技术控制中, 大意是说技术创新的公司如果不利用外国的低价原料和劳动力什么的，收益可能就不够支付技术创新的成本。反正AUTHOR是对这个反对的。

题目
1 对于这个技术全球化作者态度如何
有well intended的 (别的貌似都是不好的)。
2 有个选择题是选不正确的
很简单，别的都是商业，就是有政府那个是错的
3 科技全球化的好处带来了哪些好处？列举题

4 第二段有作者态度题
Antiquated。
5问现在的技术投资有什么特点
现在如果产品是只面对国内市场的化,是无法收回成本的
6问说有些保护技术怎样怎样
有点过时了的意思

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1.1.10.        工作紧密性与跳槽(2010-8-13, updated 2010-8-14)

文章结构和内容
P1：通常学者认为是satisfactory(员工满意度)和XXX是员工离职与否的决定因素，但是最近有学者提出一个"embedment (嵌入)"是另一个决定因素的理论，大概是说个人与工作的联系，这种联系越紧，工作就会更稳定，工作就更不容易变动。有3个特点：1）与周围人的联系。2）与community的联系。3）与生活方式的联系。（大家注意我这三条记得不是完全准确啊）。
P2: 但是(转折)，但是embedment不仅能够促进员工留住，而且也有可能促进员工离职。有两种极端情况，1) 这种联系（connection）太紧使得员工有更多机会去了解新的工作机会，network太强，认识太多人从而离职；2)embedment可能会使得员工太投入工作忽视了家庭，在公司和家庭之间产生矛盾，也会导致人换工作 (大概就是这样，不保证完全准确)

题目
(1)主题题
V1注意作者TS的语气，有无强转折，强对比等
V2我觉得主题就是新提出一个叫embedment的因素
(2)in order to 题
(3)except细节 （参考：有可能是近似原文里的第三四两段的小列举）
选employee considers company as his/her community’s big part 可参考第5段首句
(4)问到哪一个原因最least导致跳槽，答案有
A. the job is required to travel a lot
B. employee joins company’s soccer team
C. employee considers company as his/her community’s big part （JJ作者选）（可参考5段首句）
D. employee feels comfortable working for company, blabla
E. <can’t remember>
疑似原文
According to Mitchell et al. (2001), job embeddedness represents a broad cluster of ideas that influence an employee's choice to remain in a job, operating like a net or a web in which an individual becomes enmeshed. A person who is highly embedded has many connections within a perceptual life space (Lewin, 1951). Moreover, a person can become enmeshed or embedded in a variety of ways (both on and off the job). The critical aspects of job embeddedness are the extent to which the job is similar to or fits with the other aspects in their life space, the extent to which the person has links to other people or activities, and the ease with which links can be broken--what they would give up if they left. These dimensions are called fit, links and sacrifice. Less concerned with the influence of any one specific connection, job embeddedness focuses on the overall level of connectedness (Mitchell et al., 2001).
（介绍工作嵌入度的三个方面：fit （适合）, links（联系） and sacrifice（损失）
According to the theory of job embeddedness (Mitchell, Holtom and Lee, 2001), an employee's personal values, career goals and plans for the future must fit with the larger corporate culture and the demands of his or her immediate job (e.g., job knowledge, skills and abilities). In addition, a person will consider how well he or she fits the community and surrounding environment. Job embeddedness assumes that the better the fit, the higher the likelihood that an employee will feel professionally and personally tied to the organization.
（讲第一方面----fit（适合），员工的个人价值，职业目标和未来计划必须与公司文化以及他/她个人的工作相一致，也就是fit。员工自己也会考虑自己是否fit其所属团体与环境。越fit，员工越有归属感，越不会跳槽。）
Job embeddedness theory suggests that a number of threads link an employee and his or her family in a social, psychological, and financial web that includes work and non-work friends, groups, the community, and the physical environment where they are located. The greater the number of links between the person and the web, the more likely an employee will stay in a job (Mitchell et al., 2001).
（讲第二方面----Link（联系）。与方方面面联系越紧密，员工越愿意留在公司。）（注意这段的小列举）
The concept of sacrifice represents the perceived cost of material or psychological benefits that are forfeited by organizational departure. For example, leaving an organization may induce personal losses (e.g., losing contact with friends, personally relevant projects, or perks). The more an employee will have to give up when leaving, the more difficult it will be to sever employment with the organization (Shaw et al., 1998). Examples include non-portable benefits, like stock options or defined benefit pensions, as well as potential sacrifices incurred through leaving an organization like job stability and opportunities for advancement (Shaw et al., 1998). Similarly, leaving a community where they are highly involved in local organizations can be difficult for employees.
（讲第三方面----sacrifice（损失）。员工在各方面损失越大，越不愿跳槽）（注意这段的小列举）
One key area where job embeddedness complements traditional approaches to voluntary turnover is community attachment. The model explicitly considers the impact of both organizational and community influences on the three job embeddedness dimensions. Put differently, each of the three dimensions--fit, links and sacrifice--has organizational and community components, which are summarized in Table 2. In two reported tests, Mitchell, Lee and colleagues (Mitchell et al., 2001; Lee et al., 2004) have demonstrated that job embeddedness predicts variance in voluntary turnover over and above job satisfaction.
（讲job embeddedness（工作嵌入度）对理解主动跳槽有一个重要的补充，这就是归属感。Jobembeddness模型认为组织（偏公）和社团（偏私）对job embeddedness的三个方面------fit, links and sacrifice都有影响。模型作者认为：在预测员工“主动跳槽”方面，job embeddedness比job satisfaction更有优势。）
To date, job embeddedness has been tested in the hospital, grocery and banking industries. To extend the generalizability of the model, we propose to test it across multiple, diverse industries. Thus, the following hypotheses replicate Mitchell et al.'s findings:

Hypothesis 1: Job embeddedness is negatively correlated with voluntary turnover （主动跳槽）.
（工作嵌入度越高，员工越不愿跳槽. Job embeddedness 和 turnover是 反比关系）
Hypothesis 2: Job embeddedness improves the prediction of voluntary turnover above and beyond that accounted for by job satisfaction（工作满意度）.
（job embeddedness工作嵌入度的大小，对员工跳槽的影响要超过job satisfaction工作满意度大小对员工跳槽的影响。）

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1.1.11.        美国房地产税（2010-8-15）

文章结构和内容
结构超清晰的，好多段。
第一段说economists批评美国政府对公民买房进行税收优惠的政策(policy about tax reduction on loan)的。
下面几段一共给了3个原因。
第一个不是很明白，有不少关键词是生词，我猜是这样会滋长许多美国人的惰性，并且在loan上面他们不那么注重了。
第二个是这样会让房价上升，（有考点）因为这样demand反而变大了，而supply是不变的。造成土地少拥挤的大城市(e.g. NY)房价上涨
第三个是这样让本来就很有钱的那些人更加获利了，一个月薪25000美元的人比一个月薪4000美元的人买房子可以节省更多的钱了，这样有失公平性：有钱人买房可能会变多变瞎买无规划。
最后说要解决这个问题其实可以采用其他方法。具体是啥不记得。但这里有考点。
题目
1 哪三个词可以作为Label代表房税的三个LIMITATIONS
卜一 700+选了"---，---，unfair"。
einpause V31选"---; Inflation; ---"。(不知道两人选择的是否一样)
其它选项有swings, subsidy,---; ---, subsidies, ---; ---, inelastic, ---;

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1.1.12.        Bundling （2010-8-13, updated 2010-8-14）

文章结构和内容
（第一段）讲述新的商业战略，打包(Bundling)方式能够促进产品的销售(降低推广难度，减少推广时间)。然后举了几个bundling strategies来说怎么促进销售的，有三个，一个是aggrevigate bundling marketing strategies，也就是把多样化的产品功能集中在一个产品上，以满足广泛多样的客户群需求，并降低数次开发新产品的成本。每个客户不需要该产品所有的功能，根据自己需求使用相关功能。举了credit card的例子，说是这个card有很多不同方面的作用，比如insurance, loan 啊什么的，但是不是人人都需要每个功能都用，但是可以把这些功能放在一起卖。
（第二段）方式二，忠诚度捆绑(loyalty bundling) 是为了防治顾客购买竞争对手产品。后来又有一个additionally，这里有个highlight，就是文章结尾说：“无论那种策略，都不会影响企业单独销售的产品的销量”。记得那几句话能解决两道题
题目
第一个问从文中可以推出什么
定位最后一句捆绑销售不影响单独销售
主题题
有两个选项比较难区别一个是说文章是present两种销售方式的效果，另一个说 是compare两种捆绑策略
第三题是类比题
定位还是最后一句，只有一个选项符合文章叙述好像是消费者随便买了捆绑销售的东西，但是还可以另外买其中的某一样东西
逻辑增强题，最后一句高亮，这有道题目是下面哪个例子证明这句话的(这句话是说顾客不会理会bundling这个策略，而选择单买specialty)
Healthy customers will buy separate cereal。 (肯定)

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1.1.13.        市场策略
V1 lemoncat1103
三种市场策略，5段很长，第一段总说策略，第二段说mass策略，第三段是yield策略，第四段是c什么c策略（里面还有个e什么特别指出来），第五段总说，结构很清晰，定位也很好找。我的题MS基本都在第四段里，有个e什么的类比题。都是细节题。
V2 joe5436611我遇到一篇超长的，讲广告策略的，一共讲了三种不同的方法，最后一段是总结段落。
Q1：问其中一种方法与下面哪种方法相类似：我记得第二段有一种方法是例如航空公司，把顾客的长期计划归纳进去，于这种类似的。
Q2：问第三段的作用

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1.1.14.        生产平滑模型（2010-8-15）

文章结构和内容
production-smoothing models（生产平滑模型），一屏
第一段：定义“生产平滑模型”，解释了如何利用库存来平滑由于需求的变化而带来的生产数量的波动。并且说利用库存平滑生产可以降低成本（由于调整生产要比增加/减少库存贵）。
第二段：有利用aggregation data（好像是这两个词）的研究表明，生产平滑模型是无效的。这里有题，问作者提到aggregation data为了说明什么。在这个model下inventory应该与sales成反比，但数据显示inventory与sales成正比(有点记不清了，但这里没有考题）
第三段：解释这个矛盾的原因，因为统计数据计算的是seasonal aggregate sales，但（好像是）数据调整后还是与model不一致。总体来讲还是在批驳这个模型，说来自公司的数据没有证明这个模型有想象中那么有效。

原文
To understand the inventory behaviors of manufacturers, production smoothing is one of the most discussed theoretical models from the perspective of macroeconomics or an individual firm. The basic motive of production smoothing is that companies can increase or decrease their finished goods inventories to allow production that is smoother than sales [1]. Hence, the production-smoothing model (PSM) of inventories depends on a convex short-run cost function and adjustment costs that induce firms to maintain inventories for dampening the effects of demand fluctuations [2]. In other words, production has to be less volatile than sales in PSM. The above hypothesis is reasonable because it’s a common scene in manufacturing. Meanwhile, inventories will most usually serve as production smoother if adjusting production is costly in comparison with the costs of keeping inventories [3]. Based on the above framework, researchers have developed various formulations of PSM, which have been empirically implemented to different manufacturing sectors. However, the applications of PSM remain debatable despite the intuitive appeal of PSM. Previous empirical studies have shown mixed results regarding the validation of PSM, and Ghali [4] has shown that we should expect to see production smoothing for only a subset of manufacturing industries. He also claims that unless one confines the analysis solely to data on industries for which the PSM should a priori be applicable, the percentage of cases where smoothing is observed is irrelevant. Hence, it is important to verify different formations of PSM and to extend the empirical study of PSM to other key industries.

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1.1.15.        互动营销策略
V1 jscz66
P1说是一个超市想提升那些已经长期存在市场上且没什么亮点可以吸引消费者的产品的销量，就想出了一中什么互动的营销策略，说是什么把产品的图放到网上，人后让消费者评价什么什么的
P2说了那种策略的limits，就是对那些光看不能引起人们购买欲（意译）的产品没什么作用，然后又讲了N多这个策略的好处

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1.1.16.        内部交易
V1mawangye INSIDE TRADER. 首先介绍了什么是金融市场里交易元。接着介绍了股票市场交易的背景，简单讲了交易员是怎样或根据什么信息做出判断的。接着再说INSIDE 的交易员是怎么工作的，他们有一些可以比大众前得到信息的优势，可是使他们得到更多的利润。然后文章提到了一个石油公司，用这个公司举例明确的说明了内部交易员如何获利。这样就涉及了违规造作或着舞弊行为以及职业操守。 最后讲，公司喜欢聘请什么样的人当内部交易员，也采用了奖金和工资机制来限制这些内部交易员舞弊和不能损害到公司的利益。
1. 主旨题
2. 细节题关于那个石油公司的什么。不难
3. 对于公司聘请新内部交易员的定位
4. 对于舞弊和违规操作的细节问题

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1.1.17.        GWD公司选址(2010-8-14)
Q24~Q25: GWD32-Q13-Q14
Manufacturing site location is an important consideration in determining the optimal deployment of a firm’s production resources, but one that is usually given only limited attention. Decisions about location are often based purely on quantitative analyses that trade off transportation costs, economies of scale, and other cost-based variables. This practice, however, can lead to suboptimal results, as decision-makers tend to focus only on easily quantifiable factors. A further disadvantage of strictly cost-based methods is that they tend to focus on cost advantage factors, which are often transitory Government regulations, tax systems, and exchange rates can quickly change. Strategies based on such parameters may eventually be rendered obsolete by the very factors that first created an advantage.
       In contrast, qualitative issues, which are frequently neglected in choosing manufacturing site locations, are often central to creating and supporting a competitive advantage. For example, the level of skill possessed by the local workforce varies with location; consequently, location can affect the ability of firms to implement skill-based process technologies. When formulating a site location strategy, companies should therefore emphasize qualitative factors to ensure that the chosen strategy supports the company’s overall business strategy. Only after establishing a set of desirable location options should companies refine choices using cost-based factors.
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The passage suggests which of the following concerning qualitative methods used in choosing manufacturing sites?
A.    They are more likely than are quantitative methods to identify issues crucial to maintaining a competitive advantage
B.    They are least useful to companies with relatively low levels of manufacturing technology
C.    They have little value when applied to decisions other than choice of site
D.    They are more risky for decision makers than are quantitative methods
E.    They are used more frequently by multinational corporations than by companies with strictly domestic operations.  (A)
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Q14. According to the passage, analysis of quantitative factors is best used for which of the following?
A.    Determining strategies for offsetting qualitative disadvantages in manufacturing site locations
B.    Evaluating manufacturing site-location parameters affecting long-term competitive advantage
C.    Choosing manufacturing site locations that have access to optimal workforce populations
D.    Narrowing manufacturing site-location options arrived it through qualitative analysis
E.    Making decisions about business considerations other than location of manufacturing sites (C)
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细节题：-----以下哪种是第一段提到的选择方式----注意看经济模式

另外羅己有一題GWD變形:
30. GWD21-Q30:
In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds with runners and steering bars.  Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they go faster than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow.  The concern that plastic sleds are more dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while sledding was much higher last winter than it was ten years ago.
Which of the following, if true in Verland, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence cited?

A.    A few children still use traditional wooden sleds.
B.    Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets, while sledding.
C.    Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions than wooden sleds can.
D.    Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, or, another sled.
E.    Because the traditional wooden sled can carry more than one rider, an accident involving a wooden sled can result in several children being injured.   (C)
考題把(C)選項改寫，我記得答案變成Plastic sleds比較便宜，許多人願意購買使用。