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5.3.10.        黑人民权
美国黑人民权二战到后来的变化.共三段。
一段讲二战期间美国黑人人权地位有所提高,随着很多黑人从农村搬到了城市(有题),因为城市需要很多劳动力。人数多了,劳工多了以后给地方经济带来了贡献,于是选举权比以前要多了,地位比以前高了。工业化的进程。
二段进一步讲黑人人权进步,并且组成了工会。而没有加入公会的美国黑人受到civil rights提高的鼓舞加入了NAAPC.(有题目问有哪些关于NAAPC的说法是正确的)同时还提到美国黑人的工资在这一时间和白人的差距也减小了,尤其在北方的工业城市。带来的一系列好处,5000加入了一个NSSP什么组织,还有政治、经济、种族歧视的进步(有题,列举,问没有提到的哪个)。如,跟白人的关系好了些,什么尤其是在美国北部。
三段转折,1960‘s发生了变化,黑人地位还是没有重视和改善。这种civil rights提高的好时光在战争结束前就被打破了。因为黑人工资,住房等一系列问题和白人形成竞争。所以有了一些反对civil rights的活动。(有题目问在二战期间哪个选项关于civil rights conflicts的是正确的。我选的是和1945年的一个。。。什么什么一样,文中第三段有直接的定位)最后说黑人地位无法继续提高的原因就是黑人内部有了分歧和妥协。(这点没被考到)。
主旨题,答案:二战期间虽然黑人民权进入,但到最后效果还是不好
有一题是说有哪些具体的例子可以说明文中的意思,给了5个例子,每个都不一样,说不同人怎么样, 反正说了5个人都是编的例子,我还在原文找了半天,后来发现是说这5个人的例子反映了当时发生的一些事情。浪费了很多时间。
结尾有个细节是一道题目的混淆选项,该细节说,北部黑人VOTE right 多了2倍,南部多了4倍。有一个选项说,全国多了4倍,是错的,要小心。这里多句嘴,这次阅读风格特别明显,每到题都是两个特别像,只要细心,可以作对。
在句尾那个N打头的组织,题目问,为什么,该组织的人数一下子增多了,中间有混淆,大概是C和E特别像,我应该选的E,E是原文今本上,说是黑人对未来的hope,希望可以继续拿多点钱,有多点权,所以加入组织。这题选项生词多,要选绝对没有夸张的。
主要还讲了工资,有题,混淆的是 说,黑人工资达到了全国水平,不选这个,因为原文说,黑人只是差距和白人小了。所以选意思接近这个的。
第一段:二战时black civil right有提升,因为wartime时候需要很多labor。然后说了怎么提升。Black vote right也多了,在北多2倍,在南多4倍。
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5.3.11.        guardian in Medieval
有一个长篇的说的是什么男人对女人的guardian in Medieval。大概就是说有一个科学家写了本书觉得这种guardian是存在的。过去的女人靠家里的父亲和兄长才有地位。作者觉得没有考虑什么female scholars,觉得这个科学家无端否定了别人的论证。说这种guardian是不存在的。提到了ROME LAW。说虽然都参照这个Rome Law可是15世纪以后它就不起作用了(有考题,这句认真看看,我只是说这个意思,但是具体的话还是自己仔细分析分析,还有别的信息记不住了)。大概还说了点例子。然后最后一段就是说这种guardian是不存在的。如果存在就怎么怎么着。反正最后一段一整段有个题,好像是怎么削弱的。呃~~记性是在不行。
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1.4.        Art & Culture
5.4.1.        博物馆保存画的温度和湿度控制
P1:为了妥善博物馆里的画,必须把温度和湿度控制在一定水平(温度是21度)。这就需要使用一种技术(好像是HVC).但随着博物馆预算的缩减和HVC技术运作成本的上升,有人开始怀疑是否使用该种技术。
P2:一般需要特殊HVC技术控制湿度和温度的都是一些敏感的画(wood paint)。但是有很多画,其实对温度/湿度并不是太敏感,所以可以考虑不使用HVC技术。
P3:作者反驳--- 很多画其实是多种颜料的混合,包括WOOD PAINT还有其他一些颜料,所以很难决然地把敏感地画和不敏感地画分开。此外,21度对于参观者来说也是最适宜地温度。
P4:那么如何控制湿度和温度呢?当然,HVC还是要用于那些比较敏感地画。另外,在博物馆建设的时候,可以考虑采光等条件。然后如果天气很湿呢,就关闭博物馆,不对外开放。
(1)有道主旨题?我选的是propose a solution to a main problem.....
(2)根据作者的意思,怎样比较好地控制温度和湿度呢?我选的是:把博物馆建在COOLER/DRY的地方
(3)关于HVC说法哪个是正确地?我选的是:它的operations cost上升了。
有一题:cradling的导致了什么。我选了那个导致了wood paint后来的问题。这个答案我觉得应该是确定的。因为文中有很明确的说wood panel很容易被折断,这是因为什么cradling。。。真的对不起,具体的记不得了。
还有一题问你怎样比较好的控制温度和湿度
问什么micro 什么技术的(就是文章最后一段介绍的方法) 最适用于以下哪种情况?  我记得有 paintings which are sensitive to 湿度, 还有 paintings which need long time to adjust the temperature changes  还有经常被internationally transported的paintings   我不太确定。。 另外两个选项好像也挺迷惑的。
讲之前大多数的博物馆都遵循一个21度和适度湿度的原则,HVC。但现在很馆想改进一下,因为cost。 这点原因重要,后文有题。问的是现在的公司会选择哪种方法,选那个cost 小的。这种方法出现在最后一段,叫 什么忘了,意是说在藏品的外面加一层硅胶,这样的话能能吸收过度的湿度。我觉得应该选这种,当时pace乱了,大家仔细看吧。
第二段,说藏品很多都涉及到国际运输。好多在运输时发生损坏。部分原因是因为湿度的问题,部分原因是因为 有一种C打头的方法,这种处理方法在19实际的有用,用以保存物品。此处有题,问这个C能INFER什么。这种方法在后来的运输中导致了物品损坏。我选了这个。
对了,忘了说了,第二段的后半部分说,这种方法是用来使木头更薄,更有利于保存。
2. 说第二段中 提到 那个wood panel的 例子是为了什么捏?
3、说最后一段中那个 方式是 和HIV 一起使用最有效的。
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5.4.2.        ❤流派诗人

讲一个作家写了一个著作T,用了一种objective的手法,这种手法在19世纪左右被一些作家提倡和使用(那些作家里记得有艾略特),而早前的一些人 是用subjective的。又具体解释了一下,o就是把诗中的事物当成是有生命的,以它们的人称来叙述,而传统的s是以人的角度去写事物。后来又说o被 应用在律师身上吧,就是律师用这个角度来申述,效果很好。题目有一道是说著作T怎样,我选的是long-term work,(因为后文提到xx年那作家又出版了T,后来他死后又出了),还有一道是那个主要作家和原来提倡s的某位作家的关系和下面哪种类似,R是反对shelly观点的 所以就选这个意思的 貌似是C或者B 还有一道题是可以indicate什么 我选了 R一生都在写这本书
原文(狗主人已确认)
The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself. They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by 19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, the second from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and 1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes, Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins:
They found upon his belly bruises:
he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
问题1:本文作者最可能同意以下什么观点?
答案:我选了通过客观的语言,无需描述emotional reaction也可以从诗歌中体现感情,另外一个选项E中有一个词prose,是散文的意思,当初做题的时候不知道,但是猜测应该是一种无关的文体,所以就没选它。
问题2:关于testimony的论述,下面哪个是正确的?我参考了wiki和阅读文章。
答案:发现testimony第一卷出版与1930年代,最后2卷在他死后才出版,long term project。问题3:关于Reznikoff和Shelly之间的关系,下面哪个最类似?
答案:原文中有R和他同流派的人reject了Shelly他们流派的理念认为诗歌应该是主观的感性的,在答案中搜索reject,前者reject后者
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5.4.3.        语言与文化
不同语言是否起源与不同文化。2段,第一段提出A人认为是起源于不同文化的,后来B人发现有两种语言它们有着同样的某种特质,说明语言是来源于社会合作, 来源于人类,而不是不同的文化造成的。第二段,作者详述自己的观点,就是语言是社会的特质,而不是文化。让认为语言来源于不同文化的科学家得好好想想。
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5.4.4.        演讲语速
一个是说什么演讲语速问题的。采访了两个人,有名字我记不得叫啥了,就假定一个叫R一个叫M吧。R说话特别快,他觉得演讲特别快有好处,能传达更多信息。M觉得说话快不好,他觉得说话快了很多人没有处理信息的opportunity,还有什么motivate也没有。
作者的观点就是说话快了不好。但作者觉得演讲中有停顿是没用的(有考题)。反正注意一下作者的观点中,对信息处理的opportunity和motivate这两个词的态度。我实在记不清了。大概是这么个意思。
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5.4.5.        保护美术作品
有一个阅读时HKSP之类的保护美术作品的系统方法 然后就批斗它 说什么它只适合木头做的艺术品 然后尾段就有新的方法 调控温度湿度的 大家考古下吧
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5.4.6.        某部落的特殊工具*
还有一篇说的是某个地区(暂且叫S吧)O种族的人会使用一种工具干吗干吗的,然后一帮鸟人学者说那也没见其它地区的O种族人会使用这种工具阿,然后就说这种会使用工具的能力不是遗传的。这帮学者就猜测很有可能是O种族人当中有几个特别聪明的人发明了使用这种工具,当时说S地区人口很密集,所以就导致了这种工具使用的传播。然后这种能力在S地区就蔓延开来了,大家都从那几个特别聪明的人那学会了使用那个工具。最后说S地区和别的地区有条河,所以阻碍了别的地区的人来学习使用工具。
有一题问:为什么只有S地的O人才有使用这种工具的特殊性,(突然觉得不是因为density造成的,density制造成了该工具在当地普及的作用,而非别的地方的O人不会的效果。大家遇到这个题的时候看仔细。)
说因为这个地方人口密度高,所以大家都能学会制作这个工具,也是为什么这个地方发现了这些工具,但是因为这个地方和其他同种人类还是动物隔着河还是什么, 于是没有和别的地方交流,于是只有这个地方的种群发现有工具,而且其他地方没有。
1)    第二段作用:说排除其他导致这个地方有工具假设
2)    为何会使用工具的集中在S地//什麽阻断了科技的传播:河。。
3)    问为什么指个地方会有很多工具
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Natural Science Division
2.1.        Biology
2.1.1.        鸭子

P1 讲一种鸟的栖息范围的大小年轻的和老的之间存在差别,一群科学家本来是认为是由于它们的body size不同导致这种差别的,但是作者说这个假设没有直接的证据可以证明,而例如older的鸟有breeding ability反而可以解释这个问题。
P2 这些科学家进行了一些研究反而发现有一些其他的现象可以解释,然后开始阐述两个这些研究的发现。后面说实验结果跟两个之前预测的都相反了(这里有infer 考题)
  (1)问最近这些科学家的研究发现了什么?
  (2)作者提到的breeding ability的作用是什么?
     (3)主题题
【考古】
版本四(狗主人说这篇考古和印象中差不多)
记得是有三段,但是抱歉实在是不敢确定了。。。但是其大意如下:
第一段先说有理论认为动物的body size 与 Home Range Size存在关系,后来有reaseacher 从一种叫M的鸟类(括号里解释说类似duck)身上发现,雌性的body size与Home Range Size之间有关系。
第二段给出解释:由于younger female在和older female 进行competence的时候,往往会被older的赶到不太好的栖息地去,因而它们are allowed to have larger home range size作为一种compensation.(此处有推断题,问关于年轻的雌鸟来说,哪一项是正确的)
第三段:讲研究人员发现有趣的现象:当湿地增多时,竞争会减少,后面说了可能的解释;当一个woodxxx 增多的时候,竞争也会减弱,并解释说大概是由于阻挡了视线,使彼此看不见了。(此处有细节题)
1.主题题:选分析决定鸭子的range的影响因素
2.提到鸭子很老都可以繁殖是为什么:选了为了说明年龄可能不是range的决定因素
3.为了水塘、竞争压力和range三者中两者的关系,忘了哪两者了,总之在第二段,想清楚就可以了。
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2.1.2.        ❤ 鸟类飞翔
有一篇阅读是说鸟类飞翔起源的两种假设。一种假设是说先爬到树上滑翔,另一种是跳起来捕食或躲避敌人。作者觉得两种都不靠谱。还有一个博物馆保存油画的。这两个都似乎见过。
GWD原文:【BY ozymendias】
wo opposing scenarios,        两种解释鸟飞的假设:树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and the “cursorial” hypothesis, have Line traditionally been put forward concerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds      树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来,随
that bird ancestors began to fly       着羽毛越来越大,最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding down from branches with the help of incipient feathers: the height of trees provides a good starting place for launching flight,especially through gliding. As feathers became larger over time, flapping flight evolved and birds finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive       树栖论的问题:始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are         明显的栖树适应性,如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the earliest known bird) and its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins have no obviously arboreal adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps        没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞,
some of them could climb trees,but no convincing analysis has demonstrated how Archaeopteryx would have both climbed and flown with its forelimbs, and therewere no plants taller than a few       始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高树。
meters in the environments where Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could       即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not synonymous with gliding ability. (Many small animals, and even some goats and kangaroos, are capable of climbing trees but are not gliders.) Besides, Archaeopteryx shows no obvious features of gliders, such as        它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting forelimbs and hind limbs.
  The “cursorial”(running)  hypothesis holds that small疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者,奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground        并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for balance as they leaped into the air after insect prey or, perhaps,
to avoid predators. Even rudi-         前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs could have expanded the arm’s surface area to enhance lift slightly. Larger feathers could         然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
have increased lift incrementally, until sustained flight was gradually achieved. Of course, a leap into the air does not provide the acceleration produced by dropping out of a tree; an animal would have to run quite fast to take off. Still, some small terrestrial animals can achieve high speeds. The cursorial hypothesis is strengthened by he fact that the immediate the兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的特点。
ropod dinosaur ancestors of birds were terrestrial, and they had the traits needed for high lift off speeds: they were small, agile, lightly built, long-legged,另外,它们用两足走,双臂有空用来拍打。and good runners. And because they were bipedal, their arms were free to evolve flapping flight, which cannot be said for other reptiles of their time.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.    present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of  bird flight
B.    propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the  origins of bird flight
C.    (missing)
D.    refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E.    evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A.    Feathers tend to become larger over time
B.    Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C.    Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D.    Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E.    Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A.    A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B.    A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C.    A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D.    A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E.    An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A.    Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B.    It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C.    It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D.    Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E.    Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees
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