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2        Natural Science Division
2.1        Biology
2.1.1        恐龙 鸭嘴兽
鸭嘴兽
Duckbill  ornithorhynchus  platypus
结构：
1）        传统观点认为鸭嘴兽是水生动物，因为有尾巴
2）        O学者提出，其实鸭嘴兽是陆生动物，1)尾巴用来平衡的，2)从其骨骼化石可判断其吃陆地植物
3）        作者提出自己观点，，它应该是两栖动物。因为 它的头骨的结构是和鸟类很像的. 尤其举鸭子的例子上颚和下颚一挤就能把在水里吃的东西吃摄入的水给挤出来，反正总的意思是说至少一部分鸭嘴兽是两栖动物。

Semi-aquatic
skull颅骨

题目：

主旨题        Q1：主旨题，
V1: 我选新的发现去驳斥旧的理论。
V2: 作者的观点说： at least a few 鸭嘴兽是semiaquatic的, 没看到上面的选项：直接是这句话的改写 at leasr some后面完全一样

Q3: 问文章结构：(很多人说这2个很难抉择)
1）refute 老观点  
2）provide additional evidence to explain 鸭嘴兽的特性
JIAWEN: 我觉得两个选项中1）比较好些。因为文章明显是在反对旧观点。

归纳题        Q4：问鸭子这个例子的作用。
V1: 解释其头骨的特征来证实其是两栖动物的特征（选这个）
V2: 鸭嘴兽和鸟类有基因相似
V3； analogy

细节题        Q5：作者最有可能同意以下关于鸭嘴兽栖息地的选项
JIAWEN：我的理解根据semic-aquatic来找答案。

Q6：问下面那句话weaken作者的观点：
V1：选bird的skull与鸭嘴兽相似，但是不吃水生植物，尽管很容易获得
V2：定位到作者举例嘴巴那段，答案说其实鸟嘴巴跟鸭嘴巴差不多，但鸟只能吃陆地的，所以削弱作者的evidence。

Q: 说Duck嘴巴的用途：plant怎么怎么。我选的是那个。

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2.1.2        weaver ant的社会进化
species物种, 种teamwork协作完成的工作; 集体工作build nest筑巢spinning纺纱cocoon茧状物vertebrate脊椎动物(可能出现的细节题中，原寂静为in vertebrate’s eye 为从脊椎动物的角度)social cooperation社会协作evolve演变; 进化survival幸存, 生存prey捕猎predator捕食者genus 类  astonish使惊讶, 使大为吃惊

重点：
关键词：Evolve level,
作者对ant高度发达的social行为的态度astonish
关注文章末对ant灭亡的两个原因分析
in vertebrate’s eye强调蚂蚁surprising social cooperation
larva 吐丝的原因
different level of cooperation 同一种群的ant有不同的evolution line

内容：
特别关注最后一段，evolve level,定位一下，灭亡原因，和O单词
P1：那种蚂蚁是非常的social。团队合作很强，首句有个斜体的 O 的 genus ants，文出现了很多次。是世界上发现的社会结构最复杂的虫子之一。分工好（。他们拖东西时一个连一个成直线（此处有考题出现），力量合在一起. 然后对它们巧夺天工的工作方式和建筑水平赞叹了一番。build nest筑巢的过程：(有两种方式). Weaver Ant如何把用Larvae的丝做连结来把树叶缝合在一起做成巢穴, WA是一个接着一个抱在一起形成一个链子，然后把Larvae荡来荡去，用L的丝来缝合树叶。他们有两种方式搬动叶子来筑巢，一种怎样怎样，另一种又怎样怎样。
P2：作者（满夸张的语气）讲这个weaven ant的social construction怎么怎么强 怎样evolve：  在vertebrate eye看来，这种复杂程度是不能理解的。研究开始看他们是怎么evolve出来这种结构的呢？说可能是迫于survival的压力，这样他们的捕猎着就不能弄清楚了。可是又研究发现weaver ant 其他的虫子就没那么复杂的结构，而他们的捕食者都是一样的。说是因为他们可以建立一套完整的栖息链，可以说什么造成什么东西的传输。
P3:（重点看）讲它不知道怎么的就突然灭亡了，这种东西没有很好的进化，大家都很莫名，作者态度也很好奇，给了两个assumption.假设1：是什么level有关的，一个是说可能遭受到了什么人口的灭绝. 假设2：，还有就是没能将这很好的社会合作能力很好的传给下一代。

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题目较难

归纳题        Q1：作者对ant高度发达的social行为的态度
直接选astonishment
Q2：那些脊椎动物的眼里可以INFER出什么
V1: 我选的是他们的牛B发展给那些猎捕他们的发展下马威了. 760
V2：回答是为了强调蚂蚁surprising social cooperation。

Q:为什么提到in vertebrate eye？
主要是要强调这种ant的合作很NB，看似mission impossible—760

Q: 从文章可以infer出different level of cooperation among what ?
选项有不同的种群的ant，
同一种群不同evolution line的ant，worker ant，bee。这个选项很tricky，

应该是选同一种群不同evolution line的ant----760
细节题        Q3：问分类的
White ant的不同line的进化不同
Q4：问他们怎么搬动叶子的
我选by spinning cocoon
逻辑题        Q5：问下面的哪个表述可以削弱作者关于ant灭亡的原因的推测
我选后面的考察发现，比该ant evolve level高还是低的另一种ant也灭亡了之类的选项，建议同学高度关注文章最后几行关于ant灭亡的两个原因分析。

Q6：还有一个团队精神是有点的削弱题
选那个factors other than teamwork 决定了他的成功，

Q7：逻辑削弱提，说怎么能削弱说这个很牛的东西不是发展的最牛的，
我选的是蜜蜂可以边建设家园边传输物资之类的。
by bending the leaves together, and gluing them with whitish paperish substances which held them firmly together. In doing this their management was most curious: they bend down four leaves broader than a man's hand, and place them in such a direction as they choose. This requires a much larger force than these animals seem capable of; many thousands indeed are employed in the joint work.

The weaver ant's ability to build capacious nests from living leaves has undeniably contributed to their ecological success. The first phase in nest construction involves workers surveying potential nesting leaves by pulling on the edges with their mandibles. When a few ants have successfully bent a leaf onto itself or drawn its edge toward another, other workers nearby join the effort. The probability of a worker joining the concerted effort is dependent on the size of the group, with workers showing a higher probability of joining when group size is large.[14] When the span between two leaves is beyond the reach of a single ant, workers form chains with their bodies by grasping one another's petiole (waist). Multiple intricate chains working in unison are often used to ratchet together large leaves during nest construction. Once the edges of the leaves are drawn together, other workers retrieve larvae from existing nests using their mandibles. These workers hold and manipulate the larvae in such a way that causes them to excrete silk. They can only produce so much silk, so the larva will have to pupate 变成蛹without a cocoon. The workers then maneuver between the leaves in a highly coordinated fashion to bind them together.[1]

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2.1.3        Whipbird—需要把英文原文与狗狗对应的部分挑出来。
结构：
文章大体是讲whipbird伴侣之间彼此回应对方歌唱的。
第一段讲了male和female whipbird的二重奏，并且学者要开展实验，研究原因;
第二段，讲了实验的结果，主要是伴侣的whipbird在不同情况下，对彼此的声音回应的比率;
第三/第四段讲了对于实验结果的两种可能解释。

内容：

第一段：科学家们发现鸟儿们爱唱歌，而且是互相搭配的很好。于是他们开始做实验，将鸟儿分成母的，公的，和公母混合。发现鸟儿对仪器发的声音没有反应，所以科学家们认为鸟唱的不是歌而是对话。
第二段：科学家做实验, 把已婚鸟和单身鸟放在一起。发现已婚的雌鸟比已婚的雄鸟更愿意回应对方的唱歌。一种解释是已婚的雌鸟怕自己的雄鸟被抢跑了，所以如果有单身雌鸟唱歌，她们就会唱歌，这样就告诉他们老公别认错人了。如果单身雌鸟唱歌，couple鸟中的雌鸟会强烈反应。如果单身雄鸟或者另一对couple鸟中的雌鸟唱歌，couple鸟中的雌鸟就不会有那么大的反应，因为她们知道老公不会被抢跑。当雌鸟回应雄鸟的时候，也是在向另外的雌鸟宣布他们的伴侣关系（partnership），以便雄鸟不用再独唱去吸引别的雌鸟。
第三段：另一种解释，已婚鸟中的雌鸟愿意表现出自己对老公的衷心（commitment）。但是马上被否定了。最后一句话，雌鸟回应陌生雄鸟和已婚雄鸟的声音是一样的。

题目是考大逻辑， 比较难， 看文章时做逻辑简图！！！

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主旨题        Q: 主旨题，
猜测应该是做实验解释某种现象，或者确定哪个是正确的假说—730
归纳题        Q：问第二段的作用。
选描述了第一段中所说实验的实验结果，解释了原因。

Q：考题问最后一句话的作用。
选择否定解释的原因。

Q：问文章implies了什么？选项：
A. 面对不同情况，female bird不会改变唱歌的程度。
B. 雌鸟比雄鸟爱唱歌。
C. there is not a single and specified song是公鸟用来吸引母鸟的。
D.（V1） 母鸟对公鸟的回应对公鸟吸引别的母鸟没有明显的影响
D. (V2)female bird唱哥不会影响她的male partner向其它female bird献媚
D. (V3) 公鸟对母鸟的吸引力不会因为有一只母鸟接着他的唱词儿接着唱而有变化（简单的说就是别的母鸟才不在乎有没有公鸟有没有老婆，貌似就是这样的）
E. 只有lone male bird才会通过唱歌来吸引异性眼球

意见不一致，都有人选。
JIAWEN: A肯定是不对的，因为母鸟会在单身母鸟前增加唱歌的频率。C选项好像文中没有提到嘛。有人选B的。

好像也是以下哪个是正确的：
我选的是lone female bird 比lone male bird和other pair bird 都要sing的多, 这题我比较肯定。
因为文章里面有个很长很长的比较，是拿lone female bird和lone male bird比，然后再拿lone female bird和other pairs bird比较，结果都是lone female比较厉害。
细节题        Q：female whipbird在哪种情况下对于伴侣回应的比率更高？
细节定位在第二段的实验结果陈述。选的是“在unpaired female 出现时高于在lone male出现时和paired whipbird出现时。730

Q：问为什么雌鸟要唱歌？
告诉其他的lone雌鸟她和老伴的关系

Q：When does this female bird sing duet? 雌鸟什么时候唱歌？
A. When other female lone bird around, than other male lone birdaound, than other female with family.
B. When other female lone bird or other male bird around than other females with families. 当单身的雌鸟或其他雄鸟在旁边时， 而不是已婚雌鸟在时。

Whipbird的里面有细节说female bird tends to sing more in the presence of another single female or typically in presence of another pair of male-female. （有考题）

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These 4 hypotheses make different predictions about how male and female residents should respond to simulated intrusion by other pairs or individuals. We compared the behavioral and vocal responses of 20 pairs of eastern whipbirds to simulated territorial intrusions by: 1) a solitary singing male, 2) a solitary singing female, and 3) a duetting pair. Males and females did not coordinate their approach to the playback speaker and showed sex-specific responses to playback. Males did not respond differently to duetting versus solo singing intruders. By contrast, females approached more closely during solo female song than during solo male song or duet playback. Females also produced specific vocalizations only in response to duet and solo female playback. Both sexes approached the speaker more closely and quickly during playback of same-sex solo songs than opposite-sex solo songs. Finally, females answered more of their mate’s songs during simulated intrusion by a lone female than during simulated intrusion by a lone male. Our results suggest that duets in this species primarily function to allow females to defend their exclusive position in a partnership. Mate defense by females is unusual in birds but may be promoted in eastern whipbirds by a female-biased sex ratio and the need for exclusive access to male care. Thus, duets result from independent and conflicting strategies of mate and territory defense in males and females.
usurped


Our finding that females did not respond aggressively
to male intruders and formed duets with their partners
least often during playback of a lone male suggests that it is
unlikely that female whipbirds use duets to prevent their partner
from being usurped by male rivals


Our results provide the most support for the hypothesis that
females use duets to defend their own position within the
partnership

In addition, paired females
answered their partner more often in the presence of a lone
female intruder than a lone male intruder and tended to
respond to their partner more often in the presence of an
unpaired female than a paired female rival.

Female whipbirds may reply precisely
to their partner to signal commitment to their partner
or, more likely, as a method of acoustic mate defense.
Defence of their position in the partnership may be necessary
because a female-biased sex ratio is likely to create conditions
of intense intrasexual competition between females for
mate, and exclusive access to male care plays an important
role in female reproductive success. This study suggests that
duets are a consequence of the sexes following independent
strategies of mate and territory defense and highlights the
existence of possible conflicts between partners. Further
studies are required to determine whether duets function in
a similar way in other species that form duets initiated exclusively
by males.

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2.1.4        穴居动物的进化
结构：
first explain a phenomenon, then two out-dated theories are provided, and further recommendation is given for further study. 提出一个现象， 然后提供两个过时的理论来解释这个现象。 最后为将来进一步研究提供了建议。

1）        介绍一种穴居动物的进化理论
2）        两种过时的理论，解释为什么这种穴居动物会有这种进化规律:
1.pleistocene effect theory更新世-是climate造成，climatic change 和冻土层的条件是此理论的两个核心因素让T evolve
2. adaptive shift theory-适应原因
第一个P理论主要是说因为古代时候有段时间气候一直变冷，一开始变冷，有些动物为了适应环境就慢慢住在离cave比较近的地方（大意），比较容易适应寒冷，也为他们之后住进cave里做准备。接下来天气更冷了，只有进化到住进洞里才不会冻死。那些适应的好的于是就成了穴居动物 stygobites。总结: 穴居动物是因为怕冷才进化成为穴居动物的。

第二种理论主要是用来解释热带地区尤其是夏威夷地区的穴居动物进化的。haworth认为在这些地区没有p理论说到的那种突然的天气变化，因此是动物自己变的。总结： 热带地区温度没有变化， 但也有穴居动物， 因此此现象证明第1个理论的缺陷。
3）        最后作者提出了一点最近的研究成果做further explanation: 这两种理论都没有解释除了夏威夷以外的赤道地区的情况。因为赤道气候变化很小，所以这种动物基本在这个地方没怎么进化。但是最新的研究发现，赤道气候是变化的。
那个P开头的变态词。 我只认识pscedo－这个前面部分。说的是假的意思。也就是说某种动物是假穴居。我的理解是从其他陆地动物慢慢转变来的。不是一开始就是穴居

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内容：
第一段：在地下有某种T开头的穴居动物（如worm之类的），它们的祖先是一直居住在阴暗dim , wet, cool潮湿的cave里，然后解释了这个生物怎样怎样。最后一句话提出有两个理论来解释这个生物的evolution。
第二段：详述第1个理论- pleistocene effect theory根据传统理论认为是climate造成。Troglobite喜欢COOL的环境， millions of years以前是生存在glacier冰川附近的，后来全球变暖glacier冰川融化后（climatic change），Troglobite就跑到另外的地方去生活了，好像是去到什么泥地的冻土层下，稍解释了一下这个冻土层有什么条件可以同样让T生存（注意：climatic change 和冻土层的条件是此理论的两个核心因素让T evolve）。最后一句话说这种理论可以解释的例子有一个什么生物（一个看不懂的名词，打了斜体字：有题，说这个生物要是没有什么样的环境的话，会怎样，这里只要回原文定位取非就可以了。）
第三段：第2个理论adaptive shift theory不同意第1个理论，认为是适应原因（是一个合成词，含adapt）说有tropical气候的地方也可以找到T的踪迹，但也说是变化的气候使T进化了。举例，几百万年前在夏威夷Hawaii就有T生存了。
第四段：给前两段泼点冷水：the two theories are incomplete,  说两者均不能解释什么什么，之后又提出一个新的建议（只是短短地带过一下）Until recently, the weather in Hawaii was proved stable in the near 4 million years，这样就说明了T的进化并不是climatic change造成的，然后提出了一个什么建议，以便日后further study of the evolution of  这些T。但是最新的研究发现，赤道气候是变化的。
问题：

主旨题        Q：文章结构：
我选first explain a phenomenon, then two out-dated theories are provided, and further recommendation is given for further study.
        Q3：还有一题是问根据文章哪个是正确的  
我选的穴居动物的祖先曾经在森林底下呆过. 770

Q4：according to the last p, 问如果热带地区的温度变化和进化有直接关联, 则哪个是正确的.  770

热带地区的山洞都是lime石灰
热带地区有很多穴居动物
Q4: 问如果证明赤道的穴居动物进化与环境变化的联系，那么将加强哪一个理论。


Q5：有according to the last p, 问until recently, scientists认为....（until recently应该是说以前是怎么认为的）770

热带地区的温度都很稳定 (MS正确)
没有什么穴居动物 (MS正确)

Q5. Until rencently，学者们都一直认为tropical island (Hawaii)怎样？
文中最后一段说道：until recently，这种地区温度没什么变化，所以没有什么T开头的单词（穴居动物）。于是我选了fewer T的选项。现在想想可能错了
热带地区的温度都很稳定 (Until recently, the weather in Hawaii was proved stable in the near 4 million years)


1. 从文中可以infer出一个以b开头巨长单词的动物的什么？
到出现这个词的那一段定位。

2. Barr的观点和以下哪种一致？
文中共提出两种观点，一种是以P开头的某个世纪说，一种是adaptor什么的学说，和climate change有关，我记得Barr是同意第二种的，选了有adaptor或climate change类似词的选项。
JIAWEN: Barr应该是同意第一种——Pleistocene effect以及climatic change.

3.Climate change与穴居动物的关系符合哪种学说？
我就选了Barr同意的那个观点(JIAWEN: pleistocene effect)，很短，两个单词。

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背景：网上找了很久没找到原文。下面是比较接近的内容，大概说了一下两种理论。
Those highly specialized animals iliving entirely in the groundwater environment, and absent in surface waters, are called stygobites. 接下来说stygobites都有什么习性，包括哪些动物（记得有说蛇）。There are two main theories of cave colonization and troglobite evolution:
1. the pleistocene effect theory (Barr and Holsinger), 2. the adaptive shift theory (Howarth).
The Pleistocene effect has been the most widely accepted model for the evolution of terrestrial troglobites until quite recently, During cold glacial climates, the cooler, wetter conditions south of the continental ice masses of Europe, Asia and America favoured the spread of invertebrates inhabiting both temperate forest ecosystems and caves. With the ameliorations of climate, those taxa（分类单元：分类学的类项或组，例如门、目、科、属或种） that survived were those living in caves as the forest ecosystmes changed radically. Ultimately geographic and genetic isolation in these cave rerugia produced adaptive radiation and the evolution of distinct troglobites. In favor of this theory are the close affinities between closed forest and cave taxa, the present distributions of taxa in mountain areas separated by deep valleys, and former wider distributions evidenced from the fossil record.
The second theory, that of adaptive shift, was advanced by Howarth to explain the origin of troglobites in the Hawaiian lava tubes, but many have much wider applicability. This theory does not rely on climate change; rather it proposes that partially adapted ancestral species moved into cave niches almost continuously. These may have been species out-competed in surface environments. Thus the availability of food is the keystone of this theory, and troglobite evolution has been continual rather than episodic.这是关于第一种P理论的补充知识（没有在考试文章出现，不过对理解有帮助）The pioneering studies of cave life were predominantly carried out in the karst areas of Europe and North America, areas directly or closely associated with regions repeatedly covered by ice during the Pleistocene. Hence, the effects of glaciation came to dominate the debate about both the distribution and the origin of troglobitic animals. The classic view of the evolution of terrestrial troglobite is, in essence, that climatic instability in the surface environment - especially changes to cold and arid conditions associated with the onset and retreat of Pleistocene glaciations - led to the extinction of surface populations of species that mostly lived in forest soil and litter. This process disrupted interbreeding between the various troglophilic populations and permitted adaptation to the cave conditions in the now-isolated cave populations.

One of the first modern hypotheses for the origin of cave organisms was that of Barr who put forward the “Pleistocene-effect” model for the evolution of terrestrial troglobites in temperate regions. Barr proposed that troglobites evolved from surface dwelling species, which had adapted to the cool climatic conditions of the Pleistocene ice ages. When the glaciers retreated, these organisms were subsequently restricted to more favorable climatic habitats, such as deep wooded ravines, cool and moist forest floors and caves. Over time, with continued climatic variability and subsequent surface habitat changes, the surface dwelling populations became extinct.
Before 1970s, scientists working in the Pleistocene-effect paradigm believed that troglobites were virtually nonexistent in tropical caves. The paucity of troglobites in these regions was explained by the lack of past climatic extremes required to restrict surface dwelling populations to cave habitats. However, since the 70s both the discovery of large numbers of terrestrial troglobites in tropical regions such Austrialia, the Canary, Hawaii, and Jamaica, combined with the mounting evidence that significant past climatic fluctuations occurred in much of the world during the Pleistocene, has made biologist reconsider the evolutionary origins of troglobites in the tropics.
In 1973 Howarth proposed the “adaptive-shift” model to account for the origin of tropical troglobites in lava tubes of the Hawaiian Islands. Howarth proposed that pre-adaptive species move into newly developed cave habitats to exploit the resources not otherwise available on the surface, with troglobites evolving through an adaptive-shift rather than by isolation induced by climatic change.

Ava120

2.2        植物冬眠及后熟作用 dormancy & after-ripening
第一段：植物的冬眠的原因，没题目
第二段：其中有一种特殊的dormancy叫做after-ripening，介绍了它的含义，什么shed from parent plant的。并指出不同植物after-ripening的时间长度不同，barley 大麦可能只需10来天，而mash plant的确长达***（忘了）。
第三段：AF的两个作用，貌似是anatomical change同另一个什么的。然后举例说一下这两个作用在植物中的体现。

题目：主旨，我选介绍af的characteristics和function

         作者提到mash 可以infer什么
[植]后熟作用
After-ripening, i.e. a period of usually several months of dry storage at room temperature of freshly harvested, mature seeds, is a common method used to release dormancy and to promote germination (Bewley, 1997; Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006; Kucera et al., 2005; Leubner-Metzger 2003). Seed after-ripening can be characterized by:

(1) A widening of the temperature range for germination.
(2) A decrease in ABA level and sensitivity and an increase in GA sensitivity or loss of GA requirement (see GA response figure below).
(3) A loss of light-requirement for germination in seeds that do not germinate in darkness (see GA response figure below).
(4) An increase in seed sensitivity to light in seeds that do not germinate even with light.
(5) A loss of the requirement for nitrate.
(6) An increase of germination velocity. During tobacco seed after-ripening this is evident by a promotion of testa rupture and endosperm rupture (see the two figures directly below).