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1.1.20        北欧经济很给力

第一段讲general的讲了下北欧经济。
税高但是welfare又很好，unemployment很低，经济整个又很好。deficit和surplus的值也很健康。然后举了一些国家的例子。

第二段specific的讲瑞典的advantage。
讲瑞典，就是说瑞典超级好。即使在北欧国家中也是很突出的一个。然后blabla讲了一堆它如何健康如何

Q; 问题有个问第一二段的关系，
我选的第一段说论点 第二段举例/我选第一段讲general，第二段举例

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1.2        人道主义慈善XX管理的难度

第一段说人道救助很难同时顾及救援的efficiency与评量
第二段说紧急救援常遇到三个困境
(1) too many parties involved
(2) how to allocate skilled workers who usually are temporary workers
(3) 培训要花很多钱
还有很多媒体
注意：文章的很多问题都是围绕mass media对搜救工作产生的negativeeffect 产生的，媒体关注多的对象会得到更多的援助，作者觉得这样不好。

待JW 考古看能否找到题目！

两段
P1  管理一个人道主义机构很难啊。应为没有mXXX（有题，问这个M是神马意思）。对于私营企业来讲，有两个指标1，XXXX；2XXXX去衡量经营的成果，但是人道主义机构就没有。因为他们是非盈利性质的。
P2 讲了管理人道主义机构的各种难度的体现。末尾强调了三点1，员工都是零时的 2，培训要花很多钱 3，有很多媒体XXXXXXX之类的。
题目：
1，下面哪一个在管理人道主义组织的难度上被提及，expectXXXXX, 我选了一个跟private 神马有关的
2，就是那个mXXXX是神马意思， 我选的是C衡量组织工作效率，不确定，E是测量一个神马，第一段私人企业的特点的第一条有提到。
3，忘记了，题目不难，文章也简单。

[考古] 感谢XYXB
版本一，
第三篇是一篇说人道求助的文章，说个人救助很方便来确定救助的对象，因为只要计算有多少COST就可以，但是人道救助很难判断谁要救，谁不要救。第二段，国际求助需要用到当地的各种机构的帮助，并且取得这些机构的同意，而这些环节是很花时间的。二段的后半部分列举了3个可能影响救助的三个原因，最后一个考到了，是媒体关注多的对象会得到更多的援助，作者觉得这样不好。
版本二，
有那一题说RESCUE的困难的，文章说的是搜救队（rescue team）在trying to getdonation 以及evaluate which missionis the most valuable时候出现的困难。注意：文章的很多问题都是围绕mass media对搜救工作产生的negativeeffect 产生的
版本三，
人道救助
第一段说人道救助很难同时顾及救援的efficiency与评量
第二段说紧急救援常遇到三个困境 (1) toomany parties involved (2) how to allocate skilled workers who usually aretemporary workers (3) …忘了
最后如同前人讲的作者提到媒体过多的关注会造成资源分配不公

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1.3        Analysis & Research
1.3.1        EEG 和反应实验
Electroencephalography (EEG) 脑电图，*Initiate v. 传授; 使初步了解,在这里是开始的意思

1）        用EEG做实验测人的大脑反应，实验结果手的肌肉运动前200ms大脑有脉冲（意念决定-志愿者大脑决定这样做的时刻,到真正弯曲了手指,得需要一定的时间），该大脑脉冲前300ms还有一脉冲（潜意识反应-人脑反应之前,人们已经意识到要这样做,所以潜意识就反应了）

2）        解释此2种延迟背后的现象，钢琴家类比

题目：
主旨题        Q1：
细节题        Q2：awareness有考题
逻辑题        Q3：根据那个专家的说法应用到一个pianist身上的话那个pianist会怎么做
他们在移动手之前就决定移动了

结论好象是说人的脑子会在人们下定决心做某件事情从而有一个预判的之前就会有一个initiate之类的东西（这里挺关键的，貌似我碰到两道细节题基本都跟这有关，

Q: 问文章第一段和第二段各自的作用的，
我选的是第一段讲实验结果， 第二段讲他的implication

Q:  问从文章中可以得出 关于人们做动手指的这个decision的什么。?

我选的是，这个decision是在意识的initialization设定初值,初始化之后才发生的

In a set of experiments, Libet asked his subjects to flex弯曲 their wrists at random intervals of their own choosing. He also asked them to note the position of a spot on a revolving dial at the precise moment they decided to make each flexing movement. Meanwhile, he was monitoring their brain activity with an electroencephalograph (EEG). He then compared the time at which they reported making the decision (calculated from the position of the spot on the revolving dial) with the time that their EEG indicated the “instruction” to flex the muscles of the wrist had been sent. His results consistently showed that a small but perceptible time before the subjects made the conscious decision to act, their brain had already begun the physical processes that would culminate in the action. Libet and his colleagues found that volitional意志的 acts were preceded by an electrical readiness potential (RP) that arose in the brain some 350 milliseconds before the conscious decision to act was experienced. In other words, our conscious decision to act follows the nonconscious initiation of the action. On the face of it, this sequence of events appears to be a straightforward experimental refutation of conscious free will.
Libet’s experiment does not preclude a role for free will in shaping and modifying the nature of the action. He draws a parallel with the case of the concert pianist, whose fingers are programmed by practice to hit certain notes “unconsciously” but who nevertheless concentrates intensely so as to convey his conscious feeling at the instant of performance.

ABSTRACT—A seminal experiment by Libet and colleagues found that the reported time of a decision to perform a simple action was at least 300 ms after the onset of brain activity that normally preceded the action(实施行动的决定至少比脑子里的决定晚300 MS， 这个脑子的决定通常早于行动---思想慢于行动). In Experiment 1, we present deceptive（欺骗性的） feedback (an auditory beep) 5 to 60 ms after the action to signify a movement time later than the actual movement. The reported time of decision moved forward in time linearly with the delay in feedback, and came after the muscular initiation of the response at all but the 5 ms delay. In Experiment 2, participants viewed their hand with and without a 120-ms video delay, and gave a time of decision 44 ms later with than without the delay. We conclude that the participants’ report of their decision time is largely inferred from the apparent time of response. The perception of a hypothetical brain event prior to the response could have, at most, a small influence. The question of free will has been debated since antiquity. The debate has traditionally been conducted only in theoretical or logical terms, but has recently been given empirical content by the research of Libet et al. (1983). They made the question of volition a neurophysiological one, and thus opened it to scientific investigation.

Whatever influence such binding might have had, the report of W would still be inferred from events that must have taken place after the supposed moment of decision. The effect of apparent shifts in the moment of response on W is consistent with the idea that conscious perception is a construction that lags action by approximately 100 ms

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1.3.2        Bilingual & cognitive

关键字：separate underlying proficiency（SUP）；common underlying proficiency（CUP）

结构：
1）        由于学校学生比例变化（双语人多了），科学家开始研究。

2）        两种理论：
1.两种语言在大脑中分区separate proficiency。-学习两个语言的部分是分开的，互相没有帮助
2.公用一个区域common proficiency-学双语的脑子是互通的，用一种语言学到知识，用另一种语言也可以运用这个知识

3）        有人组织了一项研究，分3阶段，结果证明了理论2
理论2本身有缺陷 （理科受影响小，文科影响大）-虽然双语是互通的，但是双语的转换效率是不一样的，比如你学文科，对语言的理解要求比较高，转换的时候就比较慢，如果你学数学，对语言的理解要求就比较低，转换得就是快（这里有一个类比题，就是要你抓住转换效率与科目对语言理解能力的要求之间的联系）

第一句我记得非常清楚，有考题，就是说由于学西语的美国人越来越多，所以引起了专家们对双语学的关注（考题就是问你专家们突然对双语感兴趣的原因是什么）。接下来就说了专家们就提出了两个理论观点，第一个是说人的大脑中，学习两个语言的部分是分开的，互相没有帮助，第二个就是说学习两个语言的大脑是相通的，可以互相帮助（意思就是说比如你用英语学习了数学然后你看到用西班牙语出的数学题你也会明白--这是萨摩耶主人自己加的啊，文章没有）

第二段就写了一个好像是加拿大还是哪里的一个学者搞了一个研究（是帮助第二个理论的）。先说他选了三个部分的人，多少个学英语的，多少个学西语的，还有多少个学双语的（这里我没有仔细看啦。。写得挺冗长的，但是有题--问你这个学者选人的时候有什么要求）。反正这段最后就是验证了，学双语的脑子是互通的，用一种语言学到知识，用另一种语言也可以运用这个知识。

最后一段，就是提出另外一个问题，是说，虽然双语是互通的，但是双语的转换效率是不一样的，比如你学文科（忘了究竟是什么课，总之是个文科），对语言的理解要求比较高，转换的时候就比较慢，如果你学数学，对语言的理解要求就比较低，转换得就是快（这里有一个类比题，就是要你抓住转换效率与科目对语言理解能力的要求之间的联系）

题目：
归纳题        Q1：下面哪个可以从文章中推断出来？
V1：我选了学习物理比学习历史要容易；
V2：如果交叉语言式学习，学physics比history差异更小；
V3：我选的“都是双语教学，用西班牙语物理好的人用英语物理也好的概率比用西班牙语历史好的人用英语历史也好的人大”。
V4: 还有就是infer题，我选的“都是双语教学，用西班牙语物理好的人用英语物理也好的概率比用西班牙语历史好的人用英语历史也好的人大”，这个题需要注意选项中有一个迷惑的，差点大意失荆州，其实我感觉这个迷惑选项只对看过寂静的人有迷惑作用，大家一定要把选项看完！
Q2：问以下哪个可以描述第2个观点？
1）让会Billingual的人学第3种语言，他们学的比不会Bilingual的人慢；
2）让有受过Bilingual教学的学生和没有受过Bilingual教学的学生比，Bilingual的更快

细节题        Q3：为什么科学家要研究双语对学生的影响？
V1：我选的是因为学校里population的变化。

Q: 经济学家为什么想作这个研究，
我选学生的组成改变了

Q: 问跟被实验的学校有关的事情，
我选了学校的双语课程基本上是依据第二种学习理论设计的

Q: planner of this program 起初是怎样的？
V1: they don’t adhere to the separate proficiency.
V2: 有一道题是问通过文章能够infor出这个program的组织者什么来，自己应该选了组织者不认同那个不同语言在脑袋中分块的理论（选项是直接说这个理论的专有名词的，应该在第一段，用引号引着）（这个和其他狗狗不太一样，大家审视着看，我不敢确定理解的对不对）。

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1.3.3         测Mount Everest的高度
[GWD]
In 1975 Chinese survey teams          1975年中国人量度珠峰，使用的
remeasured Mount Everest, the highest      技术和1852年英国人的相同。
of the Himalayan mountains. Like the       他们从海岸线开始行进，每隔几
Line  British in 1852, they used the age-old     步量度一次上升高度。
(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:
surveyors marched inland from the
coast for thousands of miles, stopping
at increments of as little as a few feet
to measure their elevation, and mark-
(10) ing each increment with two poles.
To measure the difference in elevation      使用工具：置于两根杆中间的望
between poles, surveyors used an          远镜。
optical level—a telescope on a level
base—placed halfway between the
(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-
ing off measurements that were then
used to calculate the change in eleva-
tion over each increment. In sight of        看到峰顶时，他们使用经纬仪
the peaks they used theodolites—          探定顶点的上升。
(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and
horizontal angles—to determine the
elevation of the summit.
The Chinese, however, made            但中国人努力改正英国人的误
efforts to correct for the errors that         差。
(25) had plagued the British. One source        误差1：由于不同温度压力造成
of error is refraction, the bending of        的光折射。这会产生峰顶幻象。
light beams as they pass through air
layers of different temperature and
pressure. Because light traveling.
(30) down from a summit passes through
many such layers, a surveyor could
sight a mirage rather than the peak
itself. To reduce refraction errors, the       解决：1，减少通过经纬仪的光，
Chinese team carried in sea level to         2，使用天气气球测量温度压力。
(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s
  summit, decreasing the amount of air
that light passed through on its way to
their theodolites. The Chinese also
launched weather balloons near their
(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric
temperature and pressure changes
to better estimate refraction errors.
Another hurdle is the peak’s shape.        误差2：测量者们的测量点不同。
When surveyors sight the summit.
(45) there is a risk they might not all
measure the same point. In 1975
the Chinese installed the first survey       解决：安装一个红色灯塔。
beacon on Everest, a red reflector
visible through a theodolite for ten
(50) miles, as a reference point. One           误差3：海平面不平。
more source of error is the uneven-
ness of sea level. The British
assumed that carrying in sea level
would extend an imaginary line from
(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a
point beneath the Himalaya. In
reality, sea level varies according
to the irregular interior of the planet.
The Chinese used a gravity meter to        解决：用重力计改正误差。
correct for local deviations in sea level.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q32:It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?
A.When there are local variations in sealevel
B.When light passes through humid air
C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.
D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.
E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?
A.Introduce a definition
B.Signal a transition in focus
C.Summarize the preceding paragraph
D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.
E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A.Mirages
B.Refraction
C.Inaccurate instruments
D.Variations in sea level
E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured
---------------------------------------------------------------
Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.provide details about improvements to a process
B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method
C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out
D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem
E.explain the theory behind a new technique

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1.3.4        测鱼群数量&mortality
测量最佳捕鱼量，一共三段，很难，关键混合了逻辑。
1）        测鱼群自然繁殖率
2）        测鱼的死亡率mortality
3）        还想测在海里活着的鱼的数量，又想了个办法

主旨题        那个最后一个问题应该是 本文的主旨，
我选的是 一个技术 解决了一个问题。
归纳题        Q: the accuracy of SPV depends on what?
定位第三段，应该是technique of 什么什么的hatch--760。
细节题        Q: 根据目测得出的Morality的数据怎么样？
Inaccurate  760

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1.3.5        太阳能的应用限制(J: 无考古)
说太阳能有两个应用限制：
一是地域上的： 如日照长短，云层厚度。 高纬度地区冬天日晒时间短，所以应用在赤道周围比较好，能充分利用；
二是技术上的：传输转换上由于技术上的限制造成很大的损失, 所以solar energy station要靠近工业区，因为太阳能不像传统的（燃煤的）可以很好的保存起来，距离太长中间就被电线自己消耗掉了

Q: 为什么高纬度（high latitude）没有 equator好。
选 高纬度冬天太漫长，日照不行-730

Q: 问关于solar energy station suggest 了什么，
我选了要在赤道附近且靠近工业区建，应该没错-730

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1.3.6        娃娃实验
结构：

P1:第一端举例说试验证明幼儿不能根据示意图找到某房间沙发后面的doll。
P2:第二段解释说是因为幼儿能够分别识别实物和微缩模型，但是不能够辨别两者之间的联系。
P3:第三段说另一个实验验证，如果科学家将两者人为的替幼儿联系起来，幼儿就能够识别了。

题目：
Q: 主题：做了两个实验

Q： 第二段的作用是什么(function)，
给予第一段描述的实验一个理论化说明。

Q： 另一题比较难选，是说实验结果最能说明幼儿无法做什么？选项我都很迷惑，
A说幼儿不能从照片中认出缩小版模型玩具，
B说幼儿不能从照片中认出沙发后面有藏真实版玩具，
C说幼儿不能从画中辨认房间的相对应物品，
D可排除所以我已忘了，
E说幼儿无法将真实玩具和缩小版如何如何。总之每个我都很想选。（迷惑项）

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1.3.7        睡眠&大脑神经是否兴奋
分泌excrete

大逻辑：
---开始就是一个问题，问人们为什么要睡觉，也就是睡觉的作用。后边就开始进行解释。人在醒的时候特别在learning时大脑中某种s东东会很active, 然后就消耗很多能量。为了recover这些能量就睡觉了。
---发现在慢波睡眠slow-wave sleep时这些wave会减慢s东东的active level，然后s 东东歇了，能量就recovered了。从而使人们在醒了以后更有效的进行记忆。
---研究还发现慢波的wave越强的地方就是在白天s东东最活跃的地方。

考题：
1．人为什么要睡觉：
我选得为了recover 能量。

2．还有为什么slow-wave 开始强慢慢变弱？
我说因为slow-wave开始要减弱s东东，但是等s东东被减弱了也就不需要那么强的slow-wave了。

Q:  怎样让大脑恢复：
选 SLEEP，就一个单词，
干扰选项：slow wave.

Q: 一个说为什么睡眠中short wave越来越弱
选因为它要抑制的什么connetion越来越弱 这个确定

Sleep timing
Sleep timing is controlled by the circadian clock, by homeostasis and, in humans, by willed behavior. The circadian clock, an inner time-keeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device, works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter which inhibits many of the bodily processes that are associated with wakefulness. Adenosine is created over the course of the day; high levels of adenosine lead to sleepiness. In diurnal animals, sleepiness occurs as the circadian element causes the release of the hormone melatonin and a gradual decrease in core body temperature. The timing is affected by one's chronotype. It is the circadian rhythm which determines the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode.[5]

Homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode, is also important and must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep. Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep.[6] Sleep offset, awakening, is primarily determined by circadian rhythm. A normal person who regularly awakens at an early hour will generally not be able to sleep much later than the person's normal waking time, even if moderately sleep deprived.

The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep. Some scientists believe that adenosine promotes sleepiness by targeting arousal networks in the brain such as the cholinergic system (see arrows). Research shows that increasing levels of adenosine in two parts of the system, the cholinergic basal forebrain and the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei, spurs slumber.
http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pag ... s_adenosineAndSleep

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is stage three and four of non-rapids eye movement sleep. These two stages are often referred to as deep sleep.
The highest arousal thresholds (e.g. difficulty of awakening, such as by a sound of a particular volume) are observed in stages four and three, respectively. A person will typically feel groggier (tired, weak) when awoken from these stages, and indeed, cognitive tests administered after awakening from stages 3-4 indicate that mental performance is somewhat impaired for periods up to 30 minutes or so, relative to awakenings from other stages. This phenomenon has been called "sleep inertia."
As of 2008, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) has discontinued the use of stage 4. [Citation needed] If an epoch (or 30 seconds of sleep) has anywhere from 20% to 100% of it as slow wave/delta sleep, then it is considered stage 3.
After sleep deprivation there is a sharp rebound of SWS, suggesting there is a "need" for this stage. The major factor determining how much slow-wave sleep is observed in a given sleep period is the duration of preceding wakefulness, likely related to accumulation of sleep-promoting substances in the brain. Some of the few factors known to increase slow-wave sleep in the sleep period that follows them include body heating (as by immersion in a hot tub), high carbohydrate ingestion, and intense prolonged exercise. The latter probably exerts its influence by increasing body temperature. [Citation needed]
In addition to these factors, the duration of SWS periods can be increased by ingestion of alcohol, THC, SSRIs, and other drugs. In instances such as these, TST (Total Sleep Time) is often unaffected due to circadian rhythms and/or a person's alarm clock and early morning obligations. This increase of SWS can lead to increased REM latency and a decrease in REM period durations. If the total time spent in REM is decreased long enough and repeatedly over a substantial number of nights a "REM rebound" will occur in response to removal of its inhibitor. An increase in REM is believed to produce symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder in many patients for an amount of time relative to the severity of the previous "REM suppression". It is debatable whether or not this could explain the return in symptoms of depression disorder after removal of SSRI medications.
Certain substances, such as benzodiazepines (e.g. Ativan, Valium, and Klonopin) seem to have the reverse effect on the time spent in SWS. Instead of lengthening SWS (as do the substances mentioned above), they are known to shorten the time. While these sedatives can increase sleep duration or shorten the time it takes before sleep-onset occurs, they tend to deprive patients of deep sleep.

Ava120

1.4        Human (Woman) Revolution & Historical stuff
1.4.1        Women employment 与二战
结构：
1）        认为二战对妇女就业有影响，但不正确, 二战时男女就业都增加，制造业带来机会
2）        反驳，战前参加，战后退出就业
3）        解释原因：1)教育机会增加，2)clerical（文职）就业, 已婚女性受到雇主的青睐

题目:
主旨题        V1:选重新解释了二战妇女就业现象 (new interpretation) 。
V2:我选提出新的证据证明妇女参加工作的原因
细节题        Q:问1940-1945的妇女就业与其他时间相比有什么特点?
我选的是manufacture的妇女就业增加。

Q:二战对妇女参加工作的影响:
1）我选女性从事制造业的增多。

Q:什么原因导致这一现象:
选有education的那一项。