New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it. The evidence involves an appreciable number of people who have been HIV positive for many years (some of them for twelve years or more). Lab tests show that the virus is present in their blood. But they have not developed any symptoms of AIDS. They continue to be in good health and show no signs of developing the disease. Some researchers estimate that as many as 5% of those infected by the virus may be in this category and that they will never develop the disease.
New evidence shows that the AIDS virus may not be as lethal as it has been thought to be and that some people may be able to develop a defense against it.
So...
This shows that...
Therefore...
We can infer that...
Hence...
Consequently...
It follows that...
This indicates that...
For that reason, we may say...
而下面这些词则引出推理的前提:
The reason is that...
Because...
Since...
Evidence...
On the basis of...
It follows from...
In view of...
We may infer from...
什么是三段论?韦氏字典里面的解析是这样的: Every virtue is laudable; kindness is a virtue; therefore, kindness is laudable。用最简单的表达方式就是:如果A→B ,而且B→C,那么A→C。
解题步骤
1. 用自己的话复述
如果你学会了怎样把推理拆分成前提和结论的同时,你已经用了自己的话来复述这个推理。
每一道题都可以分成两部分:题干 (包含推理的那部分) 和问题(如"which of the following is an assumption of the paragraph above?")。当你读完题干时,应该想想将其推理记在脑子里(即记住前提,结论和假设)。 题干的大部分推理错误你都能识别,比如假设错误。当你能用自己的话复述推理时,即使你还没读问题,你通常也能臆测到问题会问什么。用自己的话复述能帮你理解题干的意思。一般说来,题干经常将很简单的问题描述得很复杂以增加难度;用自己的话来复述能帮你理解文章的意思。
以下是一个例子:
Apartment building owners argue that rent control should be abolished. Although they acknowledge that they would increase rents in the short term, owners argue that in the long term the rent increases would lead to greater profitability. Higher profits would lead to increased apartment construction. Increased apartment construction would then lead to a greater supply of residences and lower prices as the potential apartment residents have a better selection. Thus, abolishing rent control would ultimately reduce prices.
怎样用自己的语言来表达复杂的推理呢?很简单。 Abolishing rent control will increase the supply of housing (premise); greater supply leads to lower prices (premise); and thus abolishing rent control leads to lower rents (conclusion). It is a supply/demand argument.
当你必须界定文章的范围时,你就有必要先知道一下我们所指的“范围”。 其实,你在总结文章主题的同时也在界定范围。一旦你知道了文章的主题,你也已经界定了文章的主题。比如说,这篇文章到底是在谈graduate school admissions, MBA admissions, 还是谈如何helping international students get into the business school program of their choice? 每一步都是在界定范围
Some scientists believe that carbon dioxide-induced global warming may increase the number of hurricanes in the future and their severity.
关于上文,有人可能会做出这么一个推论:
All of this season's severe hurricanes were caused by global warming.
这句话超出了原文的范围。原文没有这么强的语气。再看下面一个推论:
Some of this season's storms may have been caused and exacerbated by global warming.
这个推论和原文相符,因为它在原文的范围之内。
一般说来always, never, none等这些词语气太强。在GMAT中,一般不会出现这些极端的语言,也就是说,如果某个选项中包含这些词应该首先排除它。
而包含如usually, sometimes, probably这些词的选项则更有可能是正确选项。.
策略: 如果问题问"which of the following is NOT an assumption of the argument" 或者 "which of the following does NOT describe an argument made in the passage above", 正确的答案经常是那些带有极端词汇的选项。