GWD-9-31

xiaoyongnao

A. has significantly reduced advertising income both for business journals as well as general co The current economic downturn has significantly reduced advertising income both for business journals as well as general consumer magazines, especially if focusing on technology.

nsumer magazines, especially if focusing

B. has significantly reduced advertising income both for business journals and for general consumer magazines, especially those focusing

C. significantly reduced advertising income for both business journals and for general consumer magazines, especially when focused

D. reduced both business journals’ and general consumer magazines’ advertising income significantly, especially if focused

E. reduced advertising income significantly for both business journals, as well as for general consumer magazines, especially those focusing

答案是B。但是我想问一下，这个those可以单独指代么？求指点。

同样也是在GWD里，

GWD-8-Q32:

At the annual stockholders meeting, investors heard a presentation on the numerous challenges facing the company, including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the declining sales for the company’s powerful microprocessor chip.

A.including among them the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patentinfringement suit and the declining sales for

B.which includes the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and declining sales of

C.included among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patentinfringement suit as well as a decline in sales for

D.among them the threat of a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit and the decline in sales of

E.among these the threat from a rival’s multibillion-dollar patent-infringement suit as well as the decline in sales for

这道题就注明了these不能单独指代。这又是为什么了？求指教。

rmbaos

参与讨论ing~~~ 1、米有见过those单独指代过捏～
　that/those用于比较结构中，避免重复，要和单独指代区分哇～
2、摘抄自语法笔记哇～
　
关于these的单独指代

prep2-34
Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's.

(A)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(B)hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, like exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect that is like morphine

(C)hot sauces and exercise both stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine

(D)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated both by hot sauces and exercise, and they have a pain-relieving effect like morphine's

(E)the release of endorphins in the brain is stimulated by hot sauces, just as with exercise, and these have a pain-relieving effect like that of morphine

Key：A。

小结：

1)除非很明显，this\these不能单独指代，要补出后面的名词。

2)they指代前面出现的对象，these指代离它最近的对象，指代都要满足逻辑符合，主谓一致的要求。

3)当they前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时，视其为指代不清。而these前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时，可以就近指代，比they更佳。 前出现两个以上主谓符合的对象时，可以就近指代，比they更佳。

rmbaos

可是。。GWD 9 -31里面的those指代的是journals and magazines。。一次指代两个名词呢？
--------------------
有typo。。。改正。。。

modernre

楼主问的GWD的那个题those没有单独指代呀，后面的focusing on technology是限定修饰those的~~所以不矛盾哦