Golin

2.1.9  DNA与细菌

V1  【by: chenrunyu】

第四篇讲DNA和bacteria什么的污染水源。。。。然后一个什么教授和她的团队做了个什么实验证明了什么

V2  【by: lion1096】

第四篇，讲的是一种抗生素好像通过水来传播污染等等。第一段讲了大致意思，然后第二段列出了两个团队，一个W开头的，一个P开头的，两个关注焦点不同，这里有题，问你P开头的关注什么。然后最后一段说了P的实验，说明了一些东西，记不住，然后这里有体问你P的实验证明了什么。对了还有一个主旨题。

Golin

2.1.10 古文物DNA
V1  【by: toninick】

还有一篇是关于DNA检测，古代的fossil与modern的对比，然后说能否long time 保存 is cucial，然后第二段就举了一些例子。

V2  【by: fishwood  730】

说科学家们现在开始从古文物上面的残留物上分析DNA，来研究这些东西。作者说有科学家不同意，说DNA很有可能是外界接触到的东西的，因此分析这种DNA得出的结论是纯扯淡。举了个例子，说一种什么的叶子，特别古老，他被埋在deposit沉淀, 淤积里，早就烂掉了，不可能提取到DNA（这里有题，问这个例子是怎么反驳科学家的）。第二段就不记得咯

Golin

2.1.11  beetle 甲虫△三段，四分之三屏
beetle（甲虫）的化石可以用来判断过去1.5 Million year的气候变化。食肉beetle和食草beetle用作判断气候变化的标准时候的不同，主要是食肉beetle对气候变化的反应更加直接。用这个beetle怎样用诸实践——用beetle化石来判断气候变化

Golin

2.2.Geography & Geology

2.2.1中国人测量喜马拉雅山 ★

In 1975 Chinese survey teams remeasured Mount Everest, the highest of the Himalayan mountains. Like the British in 1852, they used the age-old technique of “carrying in” sea level: surveyors marched inland from the coast for thousands of miles, stopping at increments of as little as a few feet to measure their elevation, and marking each increment with two poles.
英国人测量方法：步进法
To measure the difference in elevation between poles, surveyors used an optical level—a telescope on a level base—placed halfway between the poles.
      测量工具：光学望眼镜
They sighted each pole, reading off measurements that were then used to calculate the change in elevation over each increment. In sight of the peaks the used theodolites telescopes for measuring vertical and horizontal angles—to determine the elevation of the summit.
      测量过程：水平和垂直距离

The Chinese, however, made efforts to correct for the errors that had plagued the British.
中国人改进了测量方法，尽量消除可能的误差源
One source of error is refraction, the bending of light beams as they pass through air layers of different temperature and pressure. Because light traveling down from a summit passes through many such layers, a surveyor could sight a mirage rather than the peak itself.
误差一：光的折射率产生了幻像
To reduce refraction errors, the Chinese team carried in sea level to within five to twelve miles of Everest’s summit, decreasing the amount of air that light passed through on its way to their theodolites. The Chinese also launched weather balloons near their theodolites to measure atmospheric temperature and pressure changes to better estimate refraction errors.
改进方法一：减小步进量，气球测温度压力差
Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. When surveyors sight the summit, there is a risk they might not all measure the same point.
误差二：测得不是同一点
In 1975 the Chinese installed the first survey beacon on Everest, a red reflector visible through a theodolite for ten miles, as a reference point.
改进方法二：建立一个灯标，以后就测通一点了
One more source of error is the unevenness of sea level. The British assumed that carrying in sea level would extend an imaginary line from the shore along Earth’s curve to a point beneath the Himalaya. In reality, sea level varies according to the irregular interior of the planet.
误差三：海平面不平
The Chinese used a gravity meter to correct for local deviations in sea level.
改进方法三：使用重力计

Q32:  It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’s elevation under which of the following conditions?
A.    When there are local variations in sea level
B.    When light passes through humid air
C.    When theodolites are used relatively far from the mountain peak.(由旧版答案D改为新版答案C)
长度一长，经过的路程长，空气层多，就有各种压力温度变化
D.    When weather balloons indicate low air temperature and pressure.
E.    When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.

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Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25 (“The Chinese…the British”)?
A.    Introduce a definition无相关内容支持
B.    Signal a transition in focus
C.    Summarize the preceding paragraph总结也是总结第二段
D.    Draw a contrast between two different theories.无相关内容支持
E.    Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.态度太激进，只是说英国人测得还不完善


Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A.    Mirages
B.    Refraction
C.    Inaccurate instruments
D.    Variations in sea level
E.    Uncertainty about the exact point to be measured

---------------------------------------------------------------
Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.    provide details about improvements to a process
B.    challenge the assumptions underlying a new method态度太激进
C.    criticize the way in which a failed project was carried out态度太激进
D.    call for new methods to solve an existing problem只是在改进
E.    explain the theory behind a new technique无相关内容支持

官方答案是CBCA

Golin

2.2.2 地震△2段

第一段，
观点一：大部分地震都是浅层的，然后将浅层地震时怎么产生的，由于深处压力太大，所以没法达到地震的条件。

第二段，
观点二（反对观点一）：Yet，其实有很多地震都是深层的
论据：然后提出两个理论解释深层地震，一个是上面的那种什么mechanism，另外一种是新的一种mechanism。第一种慢，由热力和压力共同作用于石头结构，最后引起crystal structure的崩裂；第二种快，不仅仅限于low pressure，可以一下子就搞定它的crystal structure。

1主旨题 main purpose，我选的explain a scientific puzzle
2细节题 earthquake里面有考到第二段里说到的两种方法共同点是什么，我貌似选的内部change crystalline structure改变了
3 ？结构题 第二段是什么作用：我选的是提供exception例外of the theory mentioned in the first passage

Golin

2.2.3 测量误差

V1  【by: xu_shining】

关于测量误差，某科学家发现海洋温度比过去降低了0.5度，所以最终发现，是测量方法引起的。多年前数据主要是美国人采集的，美国人测量海洋温度都是通过一个管子吸海水导致温度升高；英国人则用桶装水测量。多年前主要采用美国数据，而现在更多采用英国数据，所以测出来的温度降低了。

Golin

2.2.3 测量误差

V1  【by: xu_shining】

关于测量误差，某科学家发现海洋温度比过去降低了0.5度，所以最终发现，是测量方法引起的。多年前数据主要是美国人采集的，美国人测量海洋温度都是通过一个管子吸海水导致温度升高；英国人则用桶装水测量。多年前主要采用美国数据，而现在更多采用英国数据，所以测出来的温度降低了。

Golin

2.3.2某星球北极上的冰

V1【BY tiancai8888】

将某个星球表面温度超高（貌似是木星的卫星），一开始被认为不可能有冰的存在。但是最近卫星照相发现，其北极（只给出北极）发现了冰。然后科学家就纳闷了，为什么表面温度这么高的星球会有冰的存在。
第二段就开始分析，发现原来该卫星的轨道与太阳平行，太阳光找不到两极，并且还发现冰层在地底，有东西覆盖在上面。

Golin

2.3.3  clock △一屏多 (难，貌似高分区)

主题：引出机械钟+表述其精准性+精准性实验+继续描述精准性
第一段：
　　The Shortt肖特(姓氏) clock had two pendulums摆, 钟摆. The first, known as the master主人, swung freely in an evacuated抽空 case. Its only job was to synchronize 校准 the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave奴隶, which was housed in让(某人)居住在… a neighboring cabinet橱, 陈列柜. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge用肘轻推 to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical电动机械的,机电的,电机的 link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of避免,使说出 step.
肖特钟两个钟摆，一个真空环境的做校准用，一个正常摆，相互用电机协调

第二段
　　Shortt clocks were standard provision供应, 提供, 供给 in astronomical observatories天文台 of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with相信〔认为〕(某人)有(某种业绩、优点) keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds 毫秒a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations季节性变动,季节性波动 in the Earth’s rotation旋转; 转动 were gleaned一点点地收集(资料、事实) by the use of Shortt clocks.
肖特钟还是很准的，人们还利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响

第三段：
　　In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out进行 a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval海军的Observatory天文台; 气象台since 1932. Using the modern optical光学的, 光的 sensing equipment测定设备 instead of the electromechanical coupling连接器; (尤指列车等的)车钩, 挂钩, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing感觉the distortion【无】(信号等的)失真;【物】(透镜成像产生的)畸变of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.
PB的实验与原子钟进行比较，再次证明肖特钟误差极小，但地月的引力场还是对其准确度有影响

第四段：
主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)

考题：
1 What is truth about the first pendulum (in the first paragraph)?
基金主人选和真空有关的(我选了sealed so that no air can get in什么的)
2 What does this clock coincidentally巧合地 find?
我选了发现tide change

Golin

2.3.4月亮的形成 △一屏多一点，重点在第二段

第一段：
有月球形成的三个理论，
一是分裂说fission（就称F吧）什么的，说月亮是地球转着转着甩出去的；
二是同源说COA(记作A)，说是月亮和地球是同时由同样的方式形成的；
三是捕获说capture理论（就叫做C吧），月亮是某个外面的天体飞过来，被地球引力抓住的。

第二段：很绕，细看，重点。理清关系
作者观点：反对以上三个学说，主要从两个方面。
一.首先是旋转速度
1 如果是F，应该是地月系统转的更快
2如果是A，如果是A的话，速度肯定又要慢得多
3 如果是C，更没道理，不可能一个外面飞的更快的东东的飞到地月体系就变慢了吧

二．然后说从物质构成上
否定F和A——组成物质
论据：地表的液态金属【volatile mental,如锌】也很少，【而地球上多】。

否定A和C——星体结构
论据：月球的核心【应该是表面】很小。如果A和C成立的话，月球的铁core，应该再大一些

第三段：
月球形成新理论——碰撞说
细节内容——具体过程：貌似说是地球被一个天体撞了下，撞出去了部分，同时由于撞击产生的高温把部分物质气化了，撞出了特殊的物质，使得月球composition特别。最后一句记得特清楚，科学家觉得当时是撞偏了，不是head-on撞上地球的。