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14 美国劳动者的立场(GWD17-24-27原文)
In 1938, at the government-convened 1938年的会议上工会工人
National Health Conference, organized labor 士提议立法保障公众健康
emerged as a major proponent of legislation 的主要力量。
Line to guarantee universal health care in the
(5) United States. The American Medical 代表医师利益的AMM要
Association, representing physicians’ 求保护医师的自由市场权。
interests, argued for preserving physicians’
free-market prerogatives. Labor activists 劳工行动家反对他们,坚
countered these arguments by insisting that 持说卫生保健是由政府项
(10) health care was a fundamental right that 目保障的基本权利。
should be guaranteed by government
programs. 1938年, labor activists支持政府医疗保障
The labor activists’ position represented 劳工行动家的立场背离了
a departure from the voluntarist view held AFL到1935年才放弃的
(15) until 1935 by leaders of the American 唯意志观点。
Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affili-
ation of labor unions; the voluntarist view 唯意志观点强调工人有权
stressed workers’ right to freedom from 摆脱政府对自己生活的干
government intrusions into their lives and 扰,它认为健康保险危及
(20) represented national health insurance as a 公众隐私。
threat to workers’ privacy. AFL president AFL领袖SG肆意说代表了
Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for 全体工人,反对AALL在
all workers, had positioned the AFL as 1915年设立健康保险的提
a leading opponent of the proposals for 议。
(25) national health insurance that were advo-
cated beginning in 1915 by the American
Association for Labor Legislation (AALL),
an organization dedicated to the study and
reform of labor laws. Gompers’ opposition SG的反对一定程度上有他
(30) to national health insurance was partly 的原则,基于资本主义政
principled, arising from the premise that 府总是保护雇主的利益。
governments under capitalism invariably
served employers’, not workers’, interests.
Gompers feared the probing of government SG害怕官僚主义伸入工人
(35) bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as 生活,由雇主资助的保险
the possibility that government-mandated 又可能让公司得到员工的
health insurance, financed in part by 体检报告,用来辞退伤残
employers, could permit companies to 工人。
require employee medical examinations
(40) that might be used to discharge disabled
workers. 1935年之前AFL的主要观点,反对政府医疗保障
Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accom- 但唯意志论容纳了某些例
modated certain exceptions: the AFL had 外:AFL支持代表受伤工
supported government intervention on behalf 人和童工的政府干预。
(45) of injured workers and child laborers. AFL 但AFL和健康保险划清界
officials drew the line at national health 线,一部分是出于自身权
insurance, however, partly out of concern 力的考虑。
for their own power. The fact that AFL AALL等局外人担当主
outsiders such as the AALL had taken the 要角色惹怒了SG。
(50) most prominent advocacy roles antagonized
Gompers. That this reform threatened union- 这个改革危及SG支持的
sponsored benefit programs championed by 资助利益项目,让保险
Gompers made national health insurance 更讨厌。
even more objectionable.
(55) Indeed, the AFL leadership did face AFL的领导层的确面临
serious organizational divisions. Many 严重分化。很多联盟成员
unionists, recognizing that union-run health 认识到联盟运作的健康项
programs covered only a small fraction of 目只面对一小部分成员,
union members and that unions represented 纷纷支持义务健康保险。
(60) only a fraction of the nation’s workforce,
worked to enact compulsory health
insurance in their state legislatures. This 最终在1935年AFL还是
activism and the views underlying it came to 支持了这一立法。
prevail in the United States labor movement
(65) and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed
its position on health legislationAFL最终倒戈支持政府医疗保证.
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Q24:
The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?
A. It was opposed by the AALL.
B. It was shared by most unionists until 1935.
C. It antagonized the American Medical Association.
D. It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.
E. It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.
AFL president Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for all workers, had positioned the AFL as a leading opponent of the proposals for national health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL)
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Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. account for a labor organization’s success in achieving a particular goal
B. discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue
C. explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization
D. outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership in a particular debate
E. question the extent to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue
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Q26:
Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?
A. It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.
B. It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.
C. It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
D. It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.
E. It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.
the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:
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Q27:
According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that
A. union-sponsored health programs were less expensive than government-sponsored programs
B. most unionists were covered by and satisfied with union-sponsored health programs
C. it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits
D. it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs
E. the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association
Gompers’ opposition to national health insurance was partly principled, arising from the premise that governments under capitalism invariably served employers’, not workers’, interests. Gompers feared the probing of government bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as the possibility that government-mandated health insurance, financed in part by employers, could permit companies to require employee medical examinations that might be used to discharge disabled workers. |
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