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prep1 essay2

The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market).
According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population.
Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize.
At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings.
Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition.
At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings.
The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.



While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model.
A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level.
Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated.
Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings.
For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries.
Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.



Question #4. 066-02 (21392-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-02)

According to the passage, which of the following may account for the inconsistency between the general density dependence model and the evidence provided by certain studies of foundings?

(A) Such studies have overemphasized the impact of preexisting firms on the establishment of new firms.
(B) Such studies have not focused strongly enough on the role of competition among newly established firms operating at the city and state levels.
(C) Such studies fail to differentiate among specialist firms with regard to the degree to which they deviate from familiar forms of organization.
(D) Such studies have not taken into account the fact that many industries are internationally integrated.
(E) Such studies have neglected to investigate firms that attempt to serve only a narrow target market.

ans


Question #6. 066-06 (21484-!-item-!-188;#058&000066-06)
The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
(A) Foundings will decline
                despite legitimation that has occurred in these industries.
(B) Increasing competition will encourage many firms to broaden their target market.
(C) Competition for resources will become stabilized and thus foundings will be encouraged.
(D) Many customers will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.
(E) Firms will begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.

ANS:A 原文怎麼定位出來的

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competetion outweighs legitimation means that legitimation also exist or occur

you can't say this argument is wrong while the others' fallacies are obvious

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问一个第七题:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) question the validity of an economic model(没有question)
(B) point out some inconsistencies within an economic model(只指出一个inconsistency)
(C) outline an economic model and suggest revisions to it(没有提出revision,还revisions就更不对了)
(D) describe an economic model and provide specific examples to illustrate its use
(E) explain why an economic model remains valid despite inconsistent research results (但是我还是想不通为啥这个是对的?)第一段提出model,举例说明第二段指出一个inconsistency。

请问这个题为啥选E?
Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
这句原文的最后一句话怎么译?感觉作者的思路跳来跳去的我没跟上呢,一会指出有inconsistency,一会又说个even within,根本没有递进的关系。所以这道主旨题没有答对,勉强地选了B虽然我知道B不对。。。。

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第一问,定位问题,见第一段倒数第二行的discourage foundings
第二问,虽然第一段解释了下模型的用法,但是第二段并没有examples, 而是在ruling out disconsistences
刚做完这篇,粗浅拙见~ 仅供参考~  希望有帮助!

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我也不懂第7题,为啥选E,是定位最后一句吗?

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文章的整体基调应该是支持的,从最后一句话可以看出来,我觉得A选项的question语气有点过了,因为作者还是有support的呀。

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第二问,虽然其他选项被排除后,可以选择E。但是E作为Main Idea总觉得不是非常合适,似乎只是总结了第二段。

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技术公司的密度取决于合法性与竞争性。开始公司少,合法性是障碍。后来公司多,竞争性是障碍。
比如,以前的vcd公司,开始技术的专利以及知识产权等限制其他人进入此行业。后来进入vcd行业的公司多了,激烈的竞争就会限制其他人进入此行业。

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