| 文章都看懂了，可是题目做得我一愣一愣的，求大牛大神教我做题思路！！~~14和16题我知道错选项为什么错，但那个对选项不知道为什么对~看解释后也不能完全说服自己，>.<
When Jamaican-born social activist Marcus Garvey came to the United State
in 1916, he arrived at precisely the right historical moment. What made the moment right was the return of African American soldiers from the First World War in 1918, which created an ideal constituency for someone with Garvey's message of unity, pride, and improved conditions for African American communities. Hoping to participate in the traditional American ethos of individual success, many African American people entered the armed forceswith enthusiasm, only to find themselves segregated from white troops and subjected to numerous indignities. They returned to a United States that was as segregated as it had been before the war. Considering similar experiences, anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace has argued that when a perceptible gap arises between a culture's expectations and the reality of that culture, the resulting tension can inspire a revitalization movement: an organized, conscious effort to construct a culture that fulfills long standing expectations.
Some scholars have argued that Garvey created theconsciousness from which he built, in the 1920s,the largest revitalization movement in African American history. But such an argument only tends toobscure the consciousness of identity, strength,andsense of history that already existed in the African American community. Garvey did not create this consciousness; rather, he gave this consciousness its political expression.
Questions 14-17 refer to the passage above.
14. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to Marcus Garvey's success?
(A) He introduced cultural and historical consciousness to the African American community.
(B) He believed enthusiastically in the traditional American success ethos.
(C) His audience had already formed a consciousness that made it receptive to his message.
(D) His message appealed to critics of African Americansupport for United States military involvement in the First World War.没有提到
(E) He supported the movement to protest segregation that had emerged prior to his arrival in the United States
15. The passage suggests that many African American people responded to their experiences in the armed forces in which of the following ways?
(A) They maintained as civilians their enthusiastic allegiance to the armed forces.
(B) They questioned United States
involvement in the First World War.
(C) They joined political organizations to protest the segregation of African American troops and the indignities they suffered in the military.
(D) They became aware of the gap between their expectations and the realities of American culture.
(E) They repudiated Garvey's message of pride and unity.
16. Itcan be inferred from the passage that the "scholars" mentioned in line 24 believe which of the following to be true?
(A) Revitalization resulted from the political activism of returning African American soldiers following the First World War.
(B) Marcus Garvey had to change 既然是Garvey created新建的意识，那么就要推翻一些已有的。a number of prevailing attitudes in order for his mass movement to find a foothold in the United States
(C) The prevailing sensibility of the African American community provided the foundation of Marcus Garvey's political appeal.
(D) Marcus Garvey hoped to revitalize consciousness of cultural and
historical identity in the African American community.
(E) The goal of the mass movement that Marcus Garvey helped bring into being was to build on the pride and unity among African Americans.
17. According to the passage, many African American people joined the armed forces during the First World War for which of the following reasons?
(A) They wished to escape worsening economic conditions in African American communities.
(B) They expected to fulfill ideals of personal attainment.简单定位，没看清
(C) They sought to express their loyalty to the United State
.
(D) They hoped that joining the military would help advance the cause of desegregation.
(E) They saw military service as an opportunity to fulfill Marcus Garvey's political vision.
看头几排就把我看晕了，完全没读懂，后面就草草读完，题目就是靠回原文定位做的。求大牛大神解救！！！
Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale. It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer's fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.
The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.
Questions 37-41 refer to the passage above.
37. The passage suggests that in order for a manufacturer in a capital-intensive industry to have a decisive advantage over competitors making similar products, the manufacturer mus
(A) be the first in the industry to build production facilities of theoretically optimal size
(B) make every effort to keep fixed and sunk costs as low as possible
(C) be one of the first to operate its manufacturing plants at minimum efficient scale
(D) produce goods of higher quality than those produced by direct competitors
(E) stockpile raw materials at production sites in order to ensure a steady flow of such materials
38. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of a manufacturer's fixed and sunk costs?
(A) The extent to which they are determined by market conditions for the goods being manufactured is frequently underestimated.
(B) Ifthey are kept as low as possible, the manufacturer is very likely to realize significant profits.
(C) They are the primary factor that determines whether a manufacturer will realize economies of scale.
(D) They should be on a par with the fixed and sunk costs of the manufacturer's competitors.
(E) They are not affected by fluctuations in a manufacturing plant's throughput.
39. In the context of the passage as a whole, the second paragraph serves primarily to
(A) provide an example to support the argument presented in the first paragraph
(B) evaluate various strategies discussed in the first paragraph
(C) introduce evidence that undermines看错
the argument presented in the first paragraph
(D) anticipate possible objections to the argument presented in the first paragraph
(E) demonstrate the potential dangers of a commonly used strategy
40. The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by
(A) a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler
(B) a breakdown in the factory's machinery
(C) a labor dispute on the factory floor
(D) an increase in the cost per unit of output
(E) a drop in the efficiency of the sales network
41. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) point out the importance of intangible capital for realizing economies of scale in manufacturing
(B) show that manufacturers frequently gain a competitive advantage from investment in large manufacturing facilities
(C) argue that large manufacturing facilities often fail because of inadequate investment in both tangible and intangible capital
(D) suggest that most new industries are likely to be dominated by firms that build large manufacturing plants early
(E) explain why large manufacturing plants usually do not help manufacturers achieve economies of scale
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