Cassiopeia

•        GWD-10-Q1.
•        According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.

A.        minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice
B.        minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing
C.        minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing
D.        it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice
E.        it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice

C 省略了（are likely）,即与前文相同的部分。
(1)        首先，如果选项A正确的话，那么为什么不是更加IDIOMATIC的下列形式：
minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates to plan to practice下面是一个与选项A高度类似的例子，用的是TO而非IN（所有阅读和逻辑中出现的类似结构中没有用IN的）：be likely to do sth
(D) People who visit a zoo in a given year are two times more likely to visit a pure aquarium that year than are people who do not visit a zoo.

(2) 其次，如果把IN理解为“在某一方面”，那么句子的前半部分就没有了下文：
minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates (in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas)
minority graduates比other graduates更加什么呢？不知道！只知道在某个方面(in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas)更可能。换句话说，“minority graduates are nearly four times more likely”并不是一个完整的表达，它必须要带宾语，而这个宾语只能由TO来引导。

当然，IN的例子也有，看下面的：
Although the concentration of atmospheric methane is more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of carbon dioxide, it cannot be ignored: the radiative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective, molecule for molecule, than carbon dioxide in absorbing radiant heat.
但是，这个例子中的前半部分在意思上是完整的，也就是the radiative properties of methane make it 20 times more effective本身能说得通，effective已经把所要表达的意思都完整地表达了。

(3) 最后再看三个as likely as的结构，后面一律跟TO。（这也间接地说明了more likely than … 后面要跟TO啊！）
Black Americans are, on the whole, about twice as likely as White Americans to develop high blood pressure. This likelihood also holds for westernized Black Africans when compared to White Africans.

(D) An MRI is just as likely as an angiogram to identify an arterial blockage.

(D) Legal principles are just as likely as legal rules to have terms that have both core and peripheral meanings.
n times more这个结构有歧义，一般不用的。
比如说，2 times more,可以理解为2倍，也可以理解为3倍。

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-10-Q3
•        For protection from the summer sun, the Mojave lived in open-sided, flat-topped dwellings known as shades, each a roof of poles and arrow weed supported by posts set in a rectangle.
A.        each a roof of poles and arrowweed
B.        each a roof of poles and arrowweed that are being
C.        with each being a roof of poles and arrowweed
D.        with roofs of poles and arrowweed to be
E.        with roofs of poles and arrowweed that are
A的意思：每个都是一个屋顶和arrowweed的组合，是独立主格结构，解释前面的shades。
each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 +        复数名词结尾, each +        介词短语/形容词短语/-ed形式/-ing形式

E：with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
with + n. + -ed/ing形式; with + n. + adj.; with + n. +        介词短语作状语修饰前一个分句的动作类型

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-10-Q20
•        In the mid-1970’s, since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced automobile emissions.

A.        since birds were overcome by pollution, and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, this prompted officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
B.        same as A
C.        birds had been overcome by pollution and routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan that reduced
D.        birds overcome by pollution routinely fell from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce
E.        birds overcome by pollution and routinely falling from the sky above Los Angeles freeways, were prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce
D：谓语动词：fell
prompting officials in California to devise a plan to reduce后置定语修饰前面整个句子。
是整个情况prompting officials，而不是只有birds.

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-10-Q24
•        For the last five years the Dutch economy has grown faster than Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained well below that of the other three countries.

A.        Britain, France, or Germany, with the unemployment rate having remained
B.        have those of Britain, France, or Germany, and the unemployment rate remaining
C.        have Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained
D.        the economy of Britain, France, and Germany, with the unemployment rate that has remained
E.        the economies of Britain, France, and Germany, and the unemployment rate has remained


为什么economy对应economies，rate对应that？
With结构的运用
With 型独立主格不接从句。
独立主格表伴随状态
此处对economy和unemployment rate的描述应该是并列的，不是后者修饰前者
这题迅速排除D,也可以用with的逻辑主语这个问题吧,因为unemployment rate肯定是Dutch,而不是Dutch economic
如果是这样的话,以后又多了个很有利的排除错误选项的利器
with在句首要求逻辑主语, 在句尾时实际上应该修饰前面句子主语,但如果前面是名词, 很容易以为with是修饰前面跟着的那个名词, 而不是前面句子的主语, .og里面有解释对这两种都有例题.
此题选项D:Germany,with..., 很容易产生歧义认为with修饰的是Germany, 所以不是正确答案.

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-10-Q37:GWD-11-26
•        On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.

A.        On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are believed to be the rate that trees grow
B.        On Earth, among the surest indications of sunspot cycles are, it is believed, the rate of tree growth
C.        On Earth, the rate at which trees grow is believed to be among the surest indications of sunspot cycles
D.        Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles, believed to be the tree growth rate
E.        Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow

the rate at which trees grow为后文as seen in the rings的修饰对象，修饰成分要接近修饰对象。
C的错误就在于把修饰对象错误的弄成了the surest indications of sunspot cycles

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-12-Q19:
•        Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

A.        Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
B.        An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear.
C.        An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past.
D.        Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear.
E.        Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.
KEY：E～！




•        GWD-24-Q 19:
•        In archaeology, there must be a balance between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote respect for archaeological sites.

A.        between explanation of the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote
B.        among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and promoting
C.        between explaining the value and workings of archaeology, revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and when promoting
D.        among explaining the value and workings of archaeology, the revelation of the mysteries of past and present cultures, and to promote
E.        between explaining archaeology’s value and workings, in the revealing the mysteries of past and present cultures, and in promoting
E的明显错误：explaining和workings不平行，the revealing和promoting不平行
among的三个对象：explaining，revealing，promoting
如果一开始认为应该是两个对象的比较，要用between…and，那么在发现这些选项都不对之后，要看一下among..这些一开始被排除的选项。

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-24-Q 21:
•        Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.

A.        and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found
B.        and the sub-languages or dialects within them, with those who have tried counting typically finding
C.        and the sub-languages or dialects within it, but those who have tried counting it typically find
D.        or the sub-languages or dialects within them, but those who tried to count them typically found
E.        or the sub-languages or dialects within them, with those who have tried to count typically finding
C中it指代不明
A：who have tried to count是修饰those的从句，have found是谓语

Cassiopeia

•        GWD-24-38
•        In January 1994 an oil barge ran aground off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of the city’s beaches.

A.        leaking its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean, while causing the pollution of
B.        with its cargo of 750000 gallons leaking into the ocean, and it polluted
C.        and its cargo of 750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, polluting
D.        while it leaked its cargo of 750000 gallons into the ocean and caused the pollution of
E.        so that its cargo of 750000 gallons leaked into the ocean, and they were polluting.
while后面确实应该接句子，而while doing这个结构是有前提的，它是状语从句的省略形式，省略与前半句相同的主语和谓语。详见白勇P221
A的错误：leaking的宾语应该是气体，液体，而不能是cargo。Cargo应该是leak的主语。此处leaking做伴随状语，后面的while从句修饰ran，逻辑错误。应该是leak导致了pollute，且pollution of 没有pollute简洁。

这题从逻辑意思的合理性来解题
A  leaking修饰ran，while causing与ran并列，表同时进行，没有正确的表达出leak和pollute之间的因果关系
B  it指代不明。且with改变了句子的平行关系，也没有体现因果关系
C  ，and连接两个独立的句子，polluting修饰leaked，正确体现了因果
D  没有体现因果
E  过去进行时错误

Cassiopeia

•        T-3-Q2.
•        As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

A.        As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing
B.        As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
C.        Honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
D.        The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing
E.        The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

   A：this不能指代句子
   B：AS后没有相应的结果
D错误：stays和results平行，而原句是前者引起后者。
C：heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted修饰Honeybee’s stinger，results为谓语动词，没有体现出heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted和results in的因果关系
E：逻辑意思正确。LONGMAN中，result的词条里有固定搭配：with the result that
注意：这题说明修饰成分不能作为因果的一部分。因果必须是地位平等的两部分，即都是主句或都是修饰成分

Cassiopeia

•        T-3-Q19.
•        A Swiss government panel recommended that the country sell about half of its gold reserves and this raised fears of other countries that do the same and inundate the market.

A.        reserves and this raised fears of other countries that
B.        reserves, which, as a result, raised fears of other countries that
C.        reserves, as a result, they feared that other countries would
D.        reserves, with fears raised that other countries would
E.        reserves, raising fears that other countries

这里的fears不是Swiss的，也不是其他国家的，而是普遍意义上的。
补全应该是raising fears that other countries should do the same and inundate the market.
Should 表推测，可省略？
Inundate是比喻用法，大量的黄金出售会“淹没”市场

A: this不能指代句子
B：后面的时态为过去时，与前面不一致
C：they没有指代对象
D的错误：with表伴随，句子的意思就变成了：recommended that和fears raised平行，而原句的意思应该是因为recommend，引起了fears。
且that other countries would应该紧跟fears

with独立主格结构的7种形式，列出如下。
一、句法结构
      【结构一】 with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
      例１ He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
      他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
      【结构二】 with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
      例２ He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
      他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
      【结构三】with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
      例３ With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year．
      产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。     
       【结构四】 with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
       例４ She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
       她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
      【结构五】with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词
      例５ She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
      她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
      【结构六】with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词
       例６“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said．
      “我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。
      【结构七】with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式
      例７ With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry．
      还有十分钟，你最好快一点。