老卖年糕

X88. Businesses are suffering because of a lack of money available for development loans. To help businesses, [url=]the government plans to modify the income-tax structure in order to induce individual taxpayers to put a larger portion of their incomes into retirement savings accounts,[/url][c1]
because as more money is deposited in such accounts, more money becomes

available to borrowers.

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubt regarding the effectiveness of the government’s plan to increase the amount of money available for development loans for businesses?

(A) When levels of personal retirement savings increase,[url=] consumer borrowing[/url][c2] always increases correspondingly. A

(B) The increased tax revenue the government would receive as a result of business expansion would not [url=]offset the loss[/url][c3] in revenue from personal income taxes during the first year of the plan.

(C) Even with tax incentives,[url=] some people[/url][c4] will choose not to increase their levels of retirement savings.

(D)[url=] Bankers[/url][c5] generally will not continue to lend money to businesses whose prospective

earnings are insufficient to meet their loan repayment schedules.

(E) The modified tax structure would give all taxpayers, regardless of their incomes, the

same tax savings for a given[url=] increase in their retirement savings[/url][c6] .

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[c1]因果型结论

[c2]借款人增加了，所以business能借到的钱并没有增多，割断因果

[c3]无关

[c4]部分人的决定不会改变总体走向

[c5]无关

[c6]Support

老卖年糕

XQ[url=]96.[/url][c1]
Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will [url=]sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years.[/url][c2] On installation, [url=]the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if it occurred, would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above?

(A) [url=]Another manufacturer’s introduction[/url][c4] to the market of a similarly efficient burner

(B) The Clifton Asphalt plant’s [url=]need for more than one[/url][c5] new burner

(C) Very poor efficiency in the Clifton Asphalt plant’s[url=] old burner[/url][c6]

([url=]D) [/url][c7] A decrease in the demand for asphalt

(E) A steady [url=]increase in the price of oil[/url][c8] beginning soon after the new burner is installed E

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[c1]具体性

[c2]H卖一个新的burner给C，价格为C因使用新的burner与旧的相比所省下的油钱，所以省得越多H赚得越多

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]Support，demand减少，用油就少啦，所以H赚得越多

[c8]现在的成本增加，所以节省的成本减少

老卖年糕

[url=]Q[/url]104.
[c1] Although the discount stores in Goreville’s central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson’s, a non-discount department store, a new store has opened at the

location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson’s.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Many customers of Colson’s are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the SpendLess store opened.

(B) Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson’s opened [url=]have been discount stores[/url][c3] .
B

(C) At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.

(D) Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville’s population will grow at a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.

(E)[url=] Many stores[/url][c4] in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available at either SpendLess or Colson’s.

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[c1]推理链：尽管一些打折商店因为竞争不过S而有可能在五年倒闭，但这些地方不会长时间空着。因为新的商店会开在这个地方，而这个地方原来开的商店是因为竞争不过一个新开的不打折的C商店而倒闭的（结论）

[c2]不是C与S的比较

[c3]割断因果，如果是打折商店，就不存在说与C相比没有竞争力的问题

[c4]并没有说明这些商店就是那些倒闭的商店，所以无法衡量其对结论的影响

老卖年糕

111. [url=]The difficulty[/url][c1] with the proposed high-speed train line is that a used plane can be bought for one-third the price of the train line, and the plane, which is just as fast, can fly anywhere. The train would be a fixed linear system, and we live in a world that is spreading out in all directions and in which consumers choose the freewheel systems (cars, buses, aircraft), which do not have fixed routes. Thus[url=] a sufficient market for the train[/url]

will not exist.[c2]

Which of the following, if true, most severely weakens the argument presented above?

[url=](A)[/url][c3] Cars, buses, and planes require the efforts of drivers and pilots to guide them, whereas the train will be guided mechanically.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Cars and buses are not nearly as fast as the high-speed train will be.

(C)[url=]Planes are not [/url][c5] a free-wheel system because they can fly only between airports, which are less convenient for consumers than the high speed train’s stations would be. C

[url=](D)[/url][c6] The high-speed train line cannot use currently underutilized train stations in large cities.

[url=](E[/url][c7] ) For long trips, most people prefer to fly rather than to take ground-level transportation.

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[c1]推理链：因为火车是固定的，而一架飞机的价格等于铁路造价的三分之一，并且又快可到达目的地又广，而铁路线是固定的     人们需要可自由选择目的地的交通工具     结论

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]与原文的原因，也不能weaken结论

[c4]文中说了飞机比火车快

[c5]显示导致结果的原因有误

[c6]Support

[c7]Support

老卖年糕

∆，114. Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly [url=]carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer’s argument?

(A) The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as[url=] houses and stores.[/url][c2]

(B) Hotels built since 1930 can generally [url=]accommodate[/url][c3] more guests than those built

before 1930.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] The materials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantly different in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after 1930.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] The average length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantly since 1930.

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[c1]因果型结论

[c2]无关

[c3]没有信息说明其与木工质量的关系

[c4]Support

[c5]显示导致因果的资料有误。说明用现存的hotel做比较不具有代表性，因为很可能过去很多质量不好的都弃用了，剩下的都是好的。

[c6]Support

老卖年糕

116. Firms adopting “profit-related-pay” (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm’s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, [url=]firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their[/url]

competitors who used more traditional contracts.[c1]

If, on the basis of the evidence above, it is argued that PRP contracts increase worker productivity, which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken that argument?

(A) [url=]Results similar[/url][c2] to those cited for the metalworking industry have been found in other

industries where PRP contracts are used.

(B) Under PRP contracts costs other than labor costs, such as plant, machinery, and energy, make up an increased proportion of the[url=] total cos[/url][c3] t of each unit of output.

(C) Because introducing PRP contracts greatly changes individual workers’ relationships to the firm, negotiating the[url=]introduction of PRP[/url][c4] contracts is complex and time-consuming.

(D)Many firms in the metalworking industry have [url=]modernized production equipment[/url][c5] in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time. D

(E) In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average [url=]take-home pay[/url][c6] is 15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts.

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[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]与生产力无关

[c4]与生产力无关

[c5]其他原因导致的结果，bingo

[c6]同BC

老卖年糕

[url=]118.[/url][c1] Northern Air has dozens of flights daily into and out of Belleville Airport, which is highly congested. Northern Air depends for its success on economy and quick turnaround and consequently is[url=] planning to replace its large planes with Sky buses[/url][c2] , whose novel aerodynamic design is extremely fuel efficient. The Sky bus’s fuel efficiency results in both lower fuel costs and reduced time spent refueling.

Which of the following, if true, could present the most serious disadvantage for Northern Air in replacing their large planes with Sky buses?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] The Sky bus would enable Northern Air to schedule direct flights to destinations that

currently require stops for refueling.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Aviation fuel is projected to decline in price over the next several years.

(C) The fuel efficiency of the Sky bus would enable Northern Air to eliminate refueling at some of its destinations, but [url=]several mechanics would lose their jobs.[/url][c5]

[url=](D)[/url][c6] None of Northern Air’s competitors that use Belleville Airport are considering buying

Sky buses.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] The aerodynamic design of the Sky bus causes turbulence behind it when taking off that forces other planes on the runway to delay their takeoffs. E

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[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]Support

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]所以没有改变拥挤状况，并很可能加重，weaken

老卖年糕

[url=]120[/url][c1] . The earliest Mayan pottery found at Colha, in Belize, is about 3,000 years old. Recently, however, 4,500-year-old stone agricultural implements were unearthed at Colha. These implements resemble Mayan stone implements of a much later period, also found at Colha. Moreover, the implements’ designs are strikingly different from the designs of

stone implements produced by other cultures known to have inhabited the area in prehistoric times. Therefore, [url=]there were surely Mayan settlements in Colha 4,500 years ago.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) [url=]Ceramic [/url][c3] ware is not known to have been used by the Mayan people to make agricultural implements.

(B) Carbon-dating of corn pollen in Colha indicates that [url=]agriculture began there around 4,500 years ago.[/url][c4]

(C) Archaeological evidence indicates that some of[url=] the oldest stone [/url][c5] implements found at Colha were used to cut away vegetation after controlled burning of trees to open areas of

swampland for cultivation.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] Successor cultures at a given site often adopt the style of agricultural implements used by earlier inhabitants of the same site. D

(E) Many religious and social institutions of the Mayan people who inhabited Colha 3,000 years ago relied on a[url=] highly developed system [/url][c7] of agricultural symbols.

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[c1]推理链：最早在G发现的M是3000多年前的 但是，最近，4500年前的stone在C被挖掘出来，并且这些石头和其他已知更早的文明里的石头有非常显著的不同         结论

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]Weaken推理链中间，说明

[c7]无关

老卖年糕

X[url=]123.[/url][c1] Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Since a company’s chief objective is to realize the highest possible year-end profits, [url=]any product or service that can be obtained from an independent supplier for less than it would cost the company to provide the product or service on its own should be outsourced.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) If a company decides to use independent suppliers for a product, it can generally [url=]exploit the vigorous competition[/url][c3] arising among several firms that are interested in supplying that product.

(B)[url=]Successful outsourcing[/url][c4] requires a company to provide its suppliers with information about its products and plans that can fall into the hands of its competitors and give them a business advantage. B

[url=](C[/url][c5] ) Certain tasks, such as processing a company’s payroll, are commonly outsourced, whereas others, such as handling the company’s core business, are not.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] For a company to provide a product or service for itself as efficiently as an independent supplier can provide it, the managers involved need to be as expert in the area of that product or service as the people in charge of that product or service at an independent supplier are.

[url=](E) [/url][c7] When a company decides to use an independent supplier for a product or service, the independent supplier sometimes hires members of the company’s staff who formerly made the product or provided the service that the independent supplier now supplies.

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[c1]前提与结论联系不大

[c2]结论（认真读清结论讲什么）

[c3]无关

[c4]直接weaken结论，说只有这样的才是成功的outsourcing，而不是结论所说的，所有xxx都should be outsourced

[c5]举例说明，并不影响结论

[c6]无关

[c7]无关

老卖年糕

X4. [url=]The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called "historical costing." [/url][c1] Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year's contractual price.

Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method[url=] for military contracts[/url][c2] ?

(A) [url=]The government might continue to pay[/url][c3] for past inefficient use of funds. A

(8) The rate of inflation has[url=] varied considerably[/url][c4] over the past twenty years.

(C) The contractual price will be greatly affected by[url=] the cost of materials [/url][c5] used for the products.

(D) Many [url=]taxpayers question[/url][c6] the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

(E) The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of [url=]innovative weapons.[/url][c7]

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[c1]具体性结论

[c2]看清题目，是指对军事合同的weaken，不是对生产商！

[c3]HC没有考虑过去价格的合理性和有效性，并且只允许成本上升，所以政府会持续支付过去的无效率费用，a serious flaw

[c4]无关

[c5]假设成本已经考虑到前一年的价格当中，则该项不影响结论，百分比的增加已经反映了成本的变化。但选项没有说明是否考虑，所以Little effects

[c6]无关

[c7]无关