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Passage 23
题材类型：自然科学•生命科学
结构类型：问题回答型
组织方式：总分，提出问题=>回答问题=>解释1=>解释2
主要对象：hormones
作者态度：+
All the cells in a particular plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and form structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accomplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified: auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific; that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very useful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to produce ethylene.
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain hormones in animals. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many different hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth. In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall.
Questions 128–133 refer to the passage above.
128. According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because （细节）
(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform
(B) each hormone has various effects on plants
(C) none of the hormones can function without the others
(D) each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants
(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time

129. The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants? （推论）
(A) Plant cell walls
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement
(D) The five major hormones
(E) The oligosaccharins

130. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin? （推论）
(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
(C) To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells

131. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the （结构）
(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful
(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants
(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones
(D) differences among the best-known plant hormones
(E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones

132. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins? （细节）
(A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes

133. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to （推论）
(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells
(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones
(C) artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops
(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants
(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development

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Passage 24
题材类型：社会科学•美国黑人
结构类型：新老观点型
组织方式：总分，旧观点=>旧观点解释=>新观点=>新观点解释
主要对象：Great Migration
作者态度：±
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, more than ten percent of the black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 more than 600,000 black workers, or ten percent of the black workforce, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.
About thirty-five percent of the urban black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both black and white rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.
Questions 134–139 refer to the passage above.
134. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation? （细节）
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
(D) The federal census of 1910
(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910

135. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument? （逻辑）
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector.
(E) Of the African American workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.

136. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910? （细节）
(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
(B) They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
(E) They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.

137. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in an African American worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT （细节）
(A) wage levels in northern cities
(B) labor recruiters
(C) competition from rural workers
(D) voting rights in northern states
(E) the African American press

138. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 58 is based on which of the following assumptions? （逻辑）
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers.
(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of a country seldom undertake a second migration.

139. The primary purpose of the passage is to （主旨）
(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation
(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention

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二、阅读理解答案
1.C        2. D        3. B        4. E        5. B        6. D        7. D        8. A        9. B        10. E
11. E        12. D        13. E        14. D        15. D        16. C        17. A        18. B        19. B        20. B
21. A        22. D        23. E        24. D        25. A        26. E        27. C        28. C        29. C        30. E
31. C        32. B        33. A        34. C        35. B        36. C        37. B        38. D        39. B        40. E
41. C        42. C        43. D        44. D        45. A        46. E        47. B        48. A        49. A        50. C
51. B        52. E        53. E        54. A        55. A        56. D        57. D        58. C        59. B        60. A
61. A        62. B        63. E        64. B        65. D        66. E        67. D        68. D        69. B        70. D
71. D        72. B        73. C        74. B        75. E        76. D        77. E        78. B        79. D        80. C
81. C        82. E        83. A        84. E        85. C        86. B        87. C        88. D        89. A        90. A
91. A        92. A        93. D        94. C        95. E        96. B        97. D        98. D        99. C        100. D
101. C        102. E        103. D        104. A        105. C        106. D        107. A        108. B        109. A        110. C
111. B        112. D        113. A        114. C        115. C        116. D        117. A        118. C        119. D        120. C
121. C        122. B        123. A        124. B        125. D        126. A        127. C        128. B        129. D        130. A
131. E        132. E        133. C        134. D        135. C        136. A        137. D        138. C        139. D

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GWD阅读理解
一、阅读理解试题
GWD-TN-14 Passage 1
题材类型：社会科学•美国妇女
结构类型：新老观点型
组织方式：总分，旧观点=>旧观点解释=>新观点=>新观点解释
主要对象：time spent on housework
作者态度：大负小正
The idea that equipping homes with electrical appliances and other “modern” household technologies would eliminate drudgery, save labor time, and increase leisure for women who were full-time home workers remained largely unchallenged until the women’s movement of the 1970’s spawned the groundbreaking and influential works of sociologist Joann Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan. Vanek analyzed 40 years of time- use surveys conducted by home economists to argue that electrical appliances and other modern household technologies reduced the effort required to perform specific tasks, but ownership of these appliances did not correlate with less time spent on housework by full-time home workers. In fact, time spent by these workers remained remarkably constant― at about 52 to 54 hours per week― from the 1920’s to the 1960’s, a period of significant change in household technology.  In surveying two centuries of household technology in the United States, Cowan argued that the “industrialization” of the home often resulted in more work for full-time home workers because the use of such devices as coal stoves, water pumps, and vacuum cleaners tended to reduce the workload of married-women’s helpers (husbands, sons, daughters, and servants) while promoting a more rigorous standard of housework.  The full-time home worker’s duties also shifted to include more household management, child care, and the post-Second World War phenomenon of being “Mom’s taxi.”

4. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the idea mentioned in line1? （信息题）
A.        It has been undermined by data found in time-use surveys conducted by home economists.
B.        It was based on a definition of housework that was explicitly rejected by Vanek and Cowan.
C.        It is more valid for the time period studied by Cowan than for the time period studied by Vanek.
D.        It is based on an underestimation of the time that married women spent on housework prior to the industrialization of the household.
E.        It inaccurately suggested that new household technologies would reduce the effort required to perform housework.

5. The passage is primarily concerned with（写法性主题题）
A.        analyzing a debate between two scholars
B.        challenging the evidence on which a new theory is based
C.        describing how certain scholars’ work countered a prevailing view
D.        presenting the research used to support a traditional theory
E.        evaluating the methodology used to study a particular issue

6. Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 21-26 (“In fact, time … in household technology”)? （举例题）
A.        It offers an alternative interpretation of a phenomenon described in the previous sentence (lines 12-20).
B.        It provides the specific evidence on which an argument described in the previous sentence (lines 12-20) is based.
C.        It shifts the focus of the argument developed earlier in the passage.
D.        It introduces evidence that has not been taken into account by Vanek and Cowan.
E.        It introduces a topic for discussion that will be developed in the rest of the passage.

7. The passage suggests that Vanek and Cowan would agree that modernizing household technology did not（信息题）
A.        reduce the workload of servants and other household helpers
B.        raise the standard of housework that women who were full-time home workers set for themselves
C.        decrease the effort required to perform household tasks
D.        reduce the time spent on housework by women who were full-time home workers
E.        result in a savings of money used for household maintenance

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GWD-TN-14 Passage 2
题材类型：自然科学•生命科学
结构类型：结论说明型
组织方式：总分，定义=>结论=>实验=>解释
主要对象：episodic memory
代表人物：Clayton
作者态度：大正小负
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.  Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.

8. According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they（信息题）
A.        showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B.        used information acquired through past experiences
C.        assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D.        remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E.        recollected single bits of information about sources of food

9. It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that（信息题）
A.        the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B.        the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C.        Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D.        Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E.        Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

10. In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment? （改善题）
A.        Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B.        All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C.        The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D.        When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E.        Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.

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GWD-TN-14 Passage 3
题材类型：社会科学•美国历史
结构类型：现象解释型
组织方式：总分，史实=>展开=>发展
主要对象：health care
代表人物：Gompers
作者态度：大负小正
In 1938, at the government-convened National Health Conference, organized labor emerged as a major proponent of legislation to guarantee universal health care in the United States.  The American Medical Association, representing physicians’ interests, argued for preserving physicians’ free-market prerogatives.  Labor activists countered these arguments by insisting that health care was a fundamental right that should be guaranteed by government programs.
The labor activists’ position represented a departure from the voluntarist view held until 1935 by leaders of the American Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affiliation of labor unions; the voluntarist view stressed workers’ right to freedom from government intrusions into their lives and represented national health insurance as a threat to workers’ privacy.  AFL president Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for all workers, had positioned the AFL as a leading opponent of the proposals for national health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), an organization dedicated to the study and reform of labor laws.  Gompers’ opposition to national health insurance was partly principled, arising from the premise that governments under capitalism invariably served employers’, not workers’, interests. Gompers feared the probing of government bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as the possibility that government-mandated health insurance, financed in part by employers, could permit companies to require employee medical examinations that might be used to discharge disabled workers.
    Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:  the AFL had supported government intervention on behalf of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL officials drew the line at national health insurance, however, partly out of concern for their own power.  The fact that AFL outsiders such as the AALL had taken the most prominent advocacy roles antagonized Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by Gompers made national health insurance even more objectionable.
    Indeed, the AFL leadership did face serious organizational divisions.  Many unionists, recognizing that union-run health programs covered only a small fraction of union members and that unions represented only a fraction of the nation’s workforce, worked to enact compulsory health insurance in their state legislatures.  This activism and the views underlying it came to prevail in the United States labor movement and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed its position on health legislation.

24. The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care? （事实题）
A.        It was opposed by the AALL.
B.        It was shared by most unionists until 1935.
C.        It antagonized the American Medical Association.
D.        It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.
E.        It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.

25. The primary purpose of the passage is to（内容性主题题）
A.        account for a labor organization’s success in achieving a particular goal
B.        discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue
C.        explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization
D.        outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership in a particular debate
E.        question the extent to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue

26. Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)? （举例题）
A.        It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.
B.        It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.
C.        It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
D.        It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.
E.        It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.

27. According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that（事实题）
A.        union-sponsored health programs were less expensive than government-sponsored programs
B.        most unionists were covered by and satisfied with union-sponsored health programs
C.        it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits
D.        it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs
E.        the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association

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GWD-TN-14 Passage 4
题材类型：自然科学•天文
结构类型：现象解释型
组织方式：总分，现象=>理论=>解释
主要对象：gravity anomaly
代表人物：
作者态度：正
(This passage was excerpted from material published in 1996.)
When a large body strikes a planet or moon, material is ejected, thereby creating a hole in the planet and a local deficit of mass. This deficit shows up as a gravity anomaly: the removal of the material that has been ejected to make the hole results in an area of slightly lower gravity than surrounding areas. One would therefore expect that all of the large multi-ring impact basins on the surface of Earth’s Moon would show such negative gravity anomalies, since they are, essentially, large holes in the lunar surface. Yet data collected in 1994 by the Clementine spacecraft show that many of these lunar basins have no anomalously low gravity and some even have anomalously high gravity. Scientists speculate that early in lunar history, when large impactors struck the Moon’s surface, causing millions of cubic kilometers of crustal debris to be ejected, denser material from the Moon’s mantle rose up beneath the impactors almost immediately, compensating for the ejected material and thus leaving no low gravity anomaly in the resulting basin. Later, however, as the Moon grew cooler and less elastic, rebound from large impactors would have been only partial and incomplete. Thus today such gravitational compensation probably would not occur: the outer layer of the Moon is too cold and stiff.

35. According to the passage, the gravitational compensation referred to in line 33 is caused by which of the following? （信息题）
A.        A deficit of mass resulting from the creation of a hole in the lunar surface
B.        The presence of material from the impactor in the debris created by its impact
C.        The gradual cooling and stiffening of the Moon’s outer layer
D.        The ejection of massive amounts of debris from the Moon’s crust
E.        The rapid upwelling of material from the lunar mantle

36. The passage suggests that if the scientists mentioned in line 19 are correct in their speculations, the large multi-ring impact basins on the Moon with the most significant negative gravity anomalies probably（信息题）
A.        were not formed early in the Moon’s history
B.        were not formed by the massive ejection of crustal debris
C.        are closely surrounded by other impact basins with anomalously low gravity
D.        were created by the impact of multiple large impactors
E.        were formed when the Moon was relatively elastic

37. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? （写法性主题题）
A.        An anomalous finding is cited, the data used to support that finding are analyzed, and the finding is modified.
B.        A theory about a phenomenon is introduced, data seeming to disprove that theory are analyzed, and the theory is rejected.
C.        A phenomenon is described, a finding relating to the phenomenon is discussed, and a possible explanation for that finding is offered.
D.        A debate among scientists regarding the explanation for a particular phenomenon is outlined, and one position in that debate is shown to be more persuasive.
E.        The observation of an astronomical event is described, and two schools of thought about the explanation for that event are discussed.

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GWD-TN-15 Passage 1
题材类型：经济管理
结构类型：新老观点型
组织方式：总分，旧观点=>分析=>新观点
主要对象：labor theory of value
代表人物：Locke
作者态度：大负小正
Seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke stated that as much as 99 percent of the value of any useful product can be attributed to “the effects of labor.” For Locke’s intellectual heirs it was only a short step to the “labor theory of value,” whose formulators held that 100 percent of the value of any product is generated by labor (the human work needed to produce goods) and that therefore the employer who appropriates any part of the product’s value as profit is practicing theft.
Although human effort is required to produce goods for the consumer market, effort is also invested in making capital goods (tools, machines, etc.), which are used to facilitate the production of consumer goods.  In modern economies about one-third of the total output of consumer goods is attributable to the use of capital goods.  Approximately two-thirds of the income derived from this total output is paid out to workers as wages and salaries, the remaining third serving as compensation to the owners of the capital goods. Moreover, part of this remaining third is received by workers who are shareholders, pension beneficiaries, and the like. The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods—a failing for which Locke must bear part of the blame.

7. According to the author of the passage, which of the following is true of the distribution of the income derived from the total output of consumer goods in a modern economy? （信息题）
A.        Workers receive a share of this income that is significantly smaller than the value of their labor as a contribution to total output.
B.        Owners of capital goods receive a share of this income that is significantly greater than the contribution to total output attributable to the use of capital goods.
C.        Owners of capital goods receive a share of this income that is no greater than the proportion of total output attributable to the use of capital goods.
D.        Owners of capital goods are not fully compensated for their investment because they pay out most of their share of this income to workers as wages and benefits.
E.        Workers receive a share of this income that is greater than the value of their labor because the labor theory of value overestimates their contribution to total output.

8. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（内容性主题题）
A.        criticizing Locke’s economic theories
B.        discounting the contribution of labor in a modern economy
C.        questioning the validity of the labor theory of value
D.        arguing for a more equitable distribution of business profits
E.        contending that employers are overcompensated for capital goods

9. Which of the following arguments would a proponent of the labor theory of value, as it is presented in the first paragraph, be most likely to use in response to the statement that “The labor theory of value systematically disregards the productive contribution of capital goods” (lines 44-47)? （信息题）
A.        The productive contributions of workers and capital goods cannot be compared because the productive life span of capital goods is longer than that of workers.
B.        The author’s analysis of the distribution of income is misleading because only a small percentage of workers are also shareholders.
C.        Capital goods are valuable only insofar as they contribute directly to the production of consumer goods.
D.        The productive contribution of capital goods must be discounted because capital goods require maintenance.
E.        The productive contribution of capital goods must be attributed to labor because capital goods are themselves products of labor.

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GWD-TN-15 Passage 2
题材类型：社会科学•美国妇女
结构类型：新老观点型
组织方式：总分，旧观点=>新观点=>解释
主要对象：resistance to patriarchal marriage
代表人物：Wulf
作者态度：大负小正
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books. Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact. At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia’s Quaker schools for three years or longer. While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes. Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices. These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.

15. The primary purpose of the passage is to（内容性主题题）
A. argue against one aspect of Wulf’s account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial Philadelphia
B. discuss Wulf’s interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace books
C. counter Wulf’s assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphia’s population on the prevalent views about marriage
D. present data to undermine Wulf’s assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial Philadelphia
E. challenge Wulf’s conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia

16. According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia? （信息题，可定位）
A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.
B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.
C. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools’ influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.
D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.
E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphia’s multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.

17. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph? （信息题，可定位，作者观点，在第二段）
A. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.
B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.
C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.
D. The poetry’s capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.
E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.

18. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author’s basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools’ impact (lines 17-18)?（逻辑题）
A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.
B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years’ formal or informal schooling before enrolling.
C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.
D. The poetry featured in young women’s commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years’ study in school.
E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools’ student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.

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GWD-TN-15 Passage 3
题材类型：经济管理
结构类型：结论说明型
组织方式：总分，结论=>解释
主要对象：investment
代表人物：
作者态度：大负小正
    To compete effectively in international markets, a nation’s businesses must sustain investment in intangible as well as physical assets.  Although an enormous pool of investment capital exists in the United States, the country’s capital investment practices put United States companies at a competitive disadvantage.
    United States capital investment practices, shaped by sporadic and unpredictable changes in tax policy and high federal budget deficits, encourage both underinvestment and overinvestment. For example, United States companies invest at a low rate in internal development projects, such as improving supplier relations, that do not offer immediate profit, and systematically invest at a high rate in external projects, such as corporate takeovers, that yield immediate profit. Also, United States companies make too few linkages among different forms of investments. Such linkages are important because physical assets, such as factories, may not reach their potential level of productivity unless companies make parallel investments in intangible assets such as employee training and product redesign. In general, unlike Japanese and German investment practices, which focus on companies’ long-term interests, United States investment practices favor those forms of investment for which financial returns are most readily available. By making minimal investments in intangible assets, United States companies reduce their chances for future competitiveness.

23. The passage is primarily concerned with（内容性主题题）
A.        evaluating strategies for improving United States competitiveness in international markets
B.        illustrating the possible uses of investment capital
C.        analyzing some failings of capital investment practices in the United States
D.        suggesting reasons for increasing linkages among different types of investments
E.        contrasting the benefits of investment in physical assets with the benefits of investment in intangible assets

24. According to the passage, which of the following characterizes the capital allocation strategy of United States companies? （事实题）
A.        They tend to underinvest in intangible assets.
B.        They tend to invest heavily in product redesign.
C.        They tend to underinvest in physical assets.
D.        They make parallel investments in internal and external projects.
E.        They seek to allocate capital in ways that reduce their tax burden.

25. Which of the following best describes the purpose of the second paragraph? （举例题）
A.        To propose a solution to the problem introduced in the first paragraph
B.        To provide support for an argument presented in the first paragraph
C.        To provide data to refute an assertion made in the first paragraph
D.        To discuss the sources of investment capital mentioned in the first paragraph
E.        To discuss the competitiveness of international markets alluded to in the first paragraph