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1.2.1 boater*
V1 by doodle
一道是有关于boater的,说是有一个景点1985年的人比1975年的人多了很多,但是调查下来却发现旅游者并没有觉得很拥挤,然后举例分析了原因说是因为旅游者们的preference什么的有改变
V2 by 我爱开开
最后一篇是boater那篇,和基金所述基本相吻合,也比较简单,最后一段全部高亮问整段在全文中的作用。
考古(待确认)
53. 某个公园的小船数量的问题
V2船(750)
1975年要去A岛(一个景点)有两种方式,private boat和chatared boat,1985年的时候这两种方式的船都增多了,作者推测是由于政府的tax credit造成的(这段感觉跟文章不怎么搭界)
第二段说因为船增多了所以boater应该会觉得crowded,但是boaters reported perception of crowdness decreased,预测可能是因为人们的norm, preference变了
第三段进一步展开那个预测,说因为很多人是买了private boat学习自驾去游览的新手,他们不熟悉skill和路线,所以更愿意去人多的地方,这样发生危险的时候可以求助
题:
1.问第三段的作用,选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
2.还有一道主旨题,我选分析一个unexpected phenomena的原因(这就是我说第一段跟全文好像没什么关系的原因,其他选项也都没有把第一段的内容概括进去的。。。)
3. 1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)
4. 1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)
5.以下哪个因素不会影响Boater对拥挤程度的感觉: 答案推测 – changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors
6.是问关于那个政府的政策的说法,哪个是正确的。我选的是不仅仅适用于business boat。这个选项是比出来的答案,其他几个明显与文中相反
7. 第三个问题是问关于菜鸟boater的。记不清选项了
V3(750)
第一段讲1970年的时候,某个景区只有50几艘船,但是到了1985年左右,数量就到了200多艘,这些包括recreational的private boat和chartered boat。其中私人游艇增加了2倍以上。当地的旅游管理局还是什么的相关人士,在游船增加的初期对此问题表示了关注,怕过多的游船会导致当地僻静的景区收益什么的受到影响。但是调查发现,人们的perception of crowdedness并没有上升,反而下降了(有题考)。分析认为,是人们的norm,expectation等因素变化了。最后提出游船增加的主要原因是1970年初期,政府出台了一项税收政策,对那些购买游艇的人,可以减免税收。
第二段开始具体分析为什么游船增加了,但是游客的perception觉得less congested呢?熟悉这个景区宁静氛围的游客们都离开了,新来的游客对这里的expectation又不同(可能来景区之前就觉得会很多人,但是实际到了这里发现没有想象中那么拥挤,perception就给出了没有那么congested的错觉)。同时sailing school招徕了不少新手学员,大家对游玩的路线什么的也不熟悉,可能反而觉得人多可以互相帮助。(但自始至终没有提到一个conclusive的原因,主旨题考到,又干扰选项)。
关于考古:应该就是这篇考古文了,大体内容都一样,很多关键词都是一致的,包括change in norms and preference of visiotors等等。但
是好像有一点变种,第二段和第三段的内容合并了。而且考古的考点我基本都没碰上。
地点的话,应该不是winsconsin,不过应该无差的吧。
V4
53篇小船数量的,大家看寂静吧,很全,寂静上有人说有变体是两段的,我的是三段,题目引用寂静吧1,1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)(我的答案也一样)
2第三段的作用:应该是对第一段的一个现象的解释,我选的是elaborated on the explanation provided in previous paragraph(我也选的这个)3***新题:问主旨,我选的是出台税收政策对这个地方的的影响
8篇bottle water, 内容跟寂静一样,v8版本最全,题目1 关于bottle water哪个说法正确?选A:manufacturing of plastic bottle比processing the water更浪费能源 B答案是个混淆选项,跟A长的很像,大家选的时候注意
其他的就忘了,寂静有个印象,到时很好选
V5
问第三段的作用,选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)
考古(来自乔小桥)
以下考古 By XYXB
V1
第一段:Wisconsin州有个湖风景很好,从1975-1985间吸引了很多boater来explore,其中有private boat,也有charter boater. 这些年的繁荣归因于1970年出的一项政策----政府资助买船者credit。近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了. 但事实相反, 去那里的游客不觉得the place becomingcrowded. 于是作者推测, 大约是由于changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors.(1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)
第二段:描述这样的change.解释这一现象可能是因为游客们并没有预期景点会非常的拥挤。说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救。后面讲湖越来越拥挤。
第三段:进一步推测没有预期的原因是景点有许多培训boater的生意不错,noviceboater来因为不知道去什么地方,也没有足够的准备和技能,所以大家容易在相似的地点抛锚啊什么的,这里有一个考点,问你novice boater为啥没有预期到拥挤,我选的答案就是他们没有被告知应该去什么地方划船,怎么划等具体信息。
背景知识
材料:感谢fargone大人!完美匹配考古
Crowding and carrying capacity research has been dominated by cross-sectional studies. Researchers have modeled the impact of visitor use on the quality of the outdoor recreation experience by measuring social conditions (use levels and encounters with others), psychological conditions (evaluation of encounters and perceived crowding), and social psychological conditions (encounter expectations and preferences). From these measures, one can aggregate visitor responses into a normative standard for "appropriate" use levels that can help resource managers set visitor use policy.
his study incorporates time into an analysis of crowding and carrying capacity to investigate how change affects visitor evaluations and experiences. The analysis employed three cross-sectional surveys of boaters to the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore in Wisconsin匹配考古 over a 22-year period, beginning in 1975 and each administered approximately 10 years apart.
This framework assumed that perceived crowding is an expression of individual judgment and socially shared norms about "appropriate" density at a given site and at a given time.也就是说,挤不挤,感觉说了算 How crowded people feel depends, in part, on the expectations and preferences they bring to a recreation site. People may feel more crowded if they expect a low number of encounters but see more people than they expected. Moreover, based on these evaluative criteria, the individual may not feel crowded or evaluate the experience negatively until visitor encounters reach some threshold number.
This normative approach, however, is problematic in cross-sectional crowding frameworks because visitors may change over time. Time related issues of change were recognized in the early 1970s during the planning stages of early carrying capacity studies (Shelby & Heberlein, 1986). At the Grand Canyon, there were concerns that the study of current visitors could not truly assess carrying capacity because past visitors, who might be more sensitive, would have been displaced. It is possible that they could have left the Canyon because use levels had increased from 500 visitors a year in the mid 1960s to over 16,000 in 1972. The "last settler syndrome" (Nielson & Endo, 1977) or "uninitiated newcomer" phenomenon (West, 1981) suggests that some newcomers to an area may have weakly defined normative expectations and preferences about an area (Roggenbuck, Williams, Bange, & Dean, 1991) and therefore will define current conditions as normal. Thus, aggregate measures of norms may change because of shifts in visitor composition over time.
Norms may also change independently of visitor composition. Cole and Stewert (2002) used a diary sampling method among Grand Canyon backpackers, and found substantial variation in individual responses to normative evaluations when measured at different backcountry zones and at different times during their trip. The product shift phenomenon suggests that people can also change their minds about standards of appropriate use given changing personal and social contexts (Shelby et al, 1988; Shindler & Shelby, 1995). The norms that they hold may change over time, and hence a relationship between encounters and perceived crowding that holds at one point in time may not hold at a second point. So, collective evaluations may also change, even while visitor characteristics remain roughly the same over time. Even though use level may be increasing, aggregate crowding levels may shift depending on a variety of broad social factors that may change the way people define appropriate uses of a recreation site. The only way to observe the potential for change, either in visitor composition or in the normative standards of visitors, is to measure social conditions and visitor evaluations at a single site over time. |
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