lucylu

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[em12]

maryland

*主谓一致

1．主语后的修饰语及插入成分不影响主谓一致。
2．定语从句中的主谓一致原则：
（1）n1 of n2 that verb : 谓语由逻辑关系判断
（2）（only/but） one of + 复数名词 that verb: 谓语用复数
（3）the (only) one of + 复数名词 that verb: 谓语用单数
3．倒装结构：谓语由主语决定
（1）全倒装开头形式：分词短语，形容词短语，介词短语置于句首。
（2）部分倒装
4．物质名词做主语，谓语用单数。
5．学科名词，疾病等做主语，谓语用单数。
注意：统计数据statistics谓语用复数。
6．不定式，分词短语，that从句做主语，谓语用单数。
7．What从句做主语时，谓语形式由其后的名词决定。
（1）what在从句中充当宾语：
What we want is flower.
What we want are flowers & tears.
(2) what在从句中充当主语时，主句谓语由主句主语决定：
What is difficult to understand is the use of the word “what”.
What is difficult to understand are A & B,
8. 复数名词/复数代词 + each ：谓语用复数
The students each love reading.
9. A or B, not A but B, not only A but (also) B, either A or B, neither A nor B: 谓语由邻近的名词B决定。
10．A with B; A, including B; A as well as B: 谓语由A决定。
11．分数/百分数 + of + n: 谓语由其后的n决定。
12．None of + n：一般用单数谓语。
13．There be A & B : 谓语由A决定
14．一组+n：谓语用单数
a body of, a group of, a collection of, an array of + n
There is a body of people.

lucylu

Parallel Form

This principle, that of parallel construction, requires that expressions of similar content and function should be outwardly similar. The likeness of form enables the reader to recognize more readily the likeness of content and function. Familiar instances from the Bible are the Ten Commandments, the Beatitudes, and the petitions of the Lord's Prayer.

Unskillful writers often violate this principle, from a mistaken belief that they should constantly vary the form of their expressions. It is true that in repeating a statement in order to emphasize it writers may have need to vary its form. But apart from this, writers should follow carefully the principle of parallel construction.

[em26]Faulty Parallelism
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.
[em26]Corrected Version
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.


The left-hand version gives the impression that the writer is undecided or timid; he seems unable or afraid to choose one form of expression and hold to it. The right-hand version shows that the writer has at least made his choice and abided by it.

By this principle, an article or a preposition applying to all the members of a series must either be used only before the first term or else be repeated before each term.

[em26]Faulty Parallelism
The French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese
[em26]Corrected Version
The French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese
[em26]Faulty Parallelism
In spring, summer, or in winter
[em26]Corrected Version
In spring, summer, or winter (In spring, in summer, or in winter)


Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same grammatical construction. Many violations of this rule can be corrected by rearranging the sentence.

[em26]Faulty Parallelism
It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.
[em26]Corrected Version
The ceremony was both long and tedious.
[em26]Faulty Parallelism
A time not for words, but action
[em26]Corrected Version
A time not for words, but for action
[em26]Faulty Parallelism
Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.
[em26]Corrected Version
You must either grant his request or incur his ill will.
[em26]Faulty Parallelism
My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.
[em26]Corrected Version
My objections are, first, that the measure is unjust; second, that it is unconstitutional.


When making comparisons, the things you compare should be couched in parallel structures whenever that is possible and appropriate.

[em26]Faulty Parallelism
My income is smaller than my wife.
[em26]Corrected Version
My income is smaller than my wife's.

lucylu

[em26][12月3日][em26]

Plague Words and Phrases

Avoid problems created by these words or phrases:

[U]And also[/U]This is often redundant.

[U]And/or[/U] Outside of the legal world, most of the time this construction is used, it is neither necessary nor logical. Try using one word or the other.

[U]As to whether[/U] The single word whether will suffice.

[U]Basically, essentially, totally [/U]These words seldom add anything useful to a sentence. Try the sentence without them and, almost always, you will see the sentence improve.

[U]Being that[/U] or [U]being as[/U] These words are a non-standard substitute for because. [I]Being that [/I](should be eliminated)Because I was the youngest child, I always wore hand-me-downs.

[U]Considered to be [/U]Eliminate the to be and, unless it's important who's doing the considering, try to eliminate the entire phrase.

[U]Due to the fact that[/U] Using this phrase is a sure sign that your sentence is in trouble. Did you mean because? Due to is acceptable after a linking verb (The team's failure was due to illness among the stars.); otherwise, avoid it.

[U]Each and every[/U] One or the other, but not both.

[U]Equally as[/U] Something can be equally important or as important as, but not equally as important.

[U]Etc.[/U] This abbreviation often suggests a kind of laziness. It might be better to provide one more example, thereby suggesting that you could have written more, but chose not to.

[U]He/she[/U] is a convention created to avoid gender bias in writing, but it doesn't work very well and it becomes downright obtrusive if it appears often. Use he or she or pluralize (where appropriate) so you can avoid the problem of the gender-specific pronoun altogether.

[U]Firstly, secondly, thirdly[/U], etc. Number things with first, second, third, etc. and not with these adverbial forms.

[U]Got[/U] Many writers regard got as an ugly word, and they have a point. If you can avoid it in writing, do so. I [I]have got to[/I](should be eliminated) must begin studying right away. I have [I]got[/I](should be eliminated) two pairs of sneakers.

[U]Had ought or hadn't ought[/U]. Eliminate the auxiliary had. You [I]hadn't[/I](should be eliminated) ought not to pester your sister that way.

[U]Interesting [/U]One of the least interesting words in English, the word you use to describe an ugly baby. If you show us why something is interesting, you're doing your job.

[U]In terms of[/U] See if you can eliminate this phrase.

[U]Irregardless[/U] No one word will get you in trouble with the boss faster than this one.

[U]Kind of or sort of[/U]. These are OK in informal situations, but in formal academic prose, substitute somewhat, rather or slightly. We were [I]kind of [/I](should be eliminated) rather pleased with the results.

[U]Literally [/U]This word might be confused with literarily, a seldom used adverb relating to authors or scholars and their various professions. Usually, though, if you say it's "literally a jungle out there," you probably mean figuratively, but you're probably better off without either word.

[U]Lots[/U] or [U]lots of[/U] In academic prose, avoid these colloquialisms when you can use many or much. Remember, when you do use these words, that lots of something countable are plural. Remember, too, that a lot of requires three words: "He spent a lot of money" (not alot of).

[U]Just[/U] Use only when you need it, as in just the right amount.

[U]Nature [/U]See if you can get rid of this word. Movies of a violent nature are probably just violent movies.

[U]Necessitate[/U] It's hard to imagine a situation that would necessitate the use of this word.

[U]Of[/U] Don't write would of, should of, could of when you mean would have, should have, could have.

[U]On account of[/U] Use because instead.

[U]Only[/U] Look out for placement. Don't write "He only kicked that ball ten yards" when you mean "He kicked that ball only ten yards."

[U]Orientate[/U] The new students become oriented, not orientated. The same thing applies to [U]administrate [/U]-- we administer a project.

[U]Per[/U] Use according to instead. We did it per your instructions? Naah. (This word is used frequently in legal language and in technical specifications, where it seems to be necessary and acceptable.)

[U]Plus[/U] Don't use this word as a conjunction. Use and instead.

[U]Point in time[/U] Forget it! At this time or at this point or now will do the job.

[U]Previous[/U] as in "our previous discussion." Use earlier or nothing at all.

[U]So as to[/U] Usually, a simple to will do.

[U]Suppose to, use to.[/U] The hard "d" sound in supposed to and used to disappears in pronunciation, but it shouldn't disappear in spelling. "We used to do that" or "We were supposed to do it this way."

[U]The reason why is because.[/U] Deja vu all over again!

[U]Thru[/U] This nonstandard spelling of through should not be used in academic prose.

[U]'Til[/U] Don't use this word instead of until or till, even in bad poetry.

[U]Try and[/U] Don't try and do something. Try to do something.

[U]Thusly [/U]Use thus or therefore instead.

[U]Utilize[/U] Don't use this word where use would suffice. (Same goes for utilization.)

[U]Very, really, quite (and other intensifiers)[/U] Like basically, these words seldom add anything useful. Try the sentence without them and see if it improves.

[em12]

want

good job!!!

lucylu

[em26]12月8日[em26]

Confusion: Its Sources and Remedies

Some travelers claim they don't mind getting lost on the highways; they even enjoy it. It's a way of discovering new places, they say, of finding new paths. No one, however, enjoys getting lost when she's reading.  And the possibilities for getting lost, the potential sources of confusion, are in every sentence, every turn of phrase. There is the large scale to consider: an essay's organization and the transitions from one idea to the next, the way ideas are introduced and matters concluded. (See the section on Coherence for help with such matters.) Within the sentence itself, however, there are many places where our readers can get lost.

The problem is that—unlike rereading our own essays for misplaced commas and misspelled words—we often can't see where a reader can get lost. We know where our sentence was headed, we know what we had in mind, so we're not apt to understand someone else's confusion. This section of the Guide to Grammar and Writing addresses the sources of and remedies for confusion at the level of sentence structure. (At the level of individual words—words that we often confuse because they sound like other words—please review another section, the Notorious Confusables.)

[em26]Misfits and Bad Equations[em26]
(sometimes called "Mixed Constructions")

Think of a sentence as a kind of mathematical structure, an equation requiring two parts: the subject, which is what any sentence is about, and the predicate, which is what we're going to say about this subject. Sometimes we set up both in ways that are perfectly reasonable, separately, but when we put the two together, they just don't fit.

[em19]Confusion
Although the season has not yet begun has caused the public to get over anxious for information about the team.  
Repair Work
Although the season has not yet begun, the public is overly anxious for information about the team.  
This sentence begins with an adverb clause, which is a legitimate way to begin a sentence, but an adverb clause can't act as a noun; it can't be a subject. In the repaired sentence, we've allowed the adverb clause to do its normal modifying work and made "public" the subject of the independent clause. This can happen with structures other than adverb clauses—like prepositional phrases.

[em19]Confusion
In its attempt to spark sales of season tickets broke several rules about pre-season publicity.  
Repair Work
In its attempt to spark sales of season tickets, the basketball program broke several rules about pre-season publicity.
Repair Work
The basketball program's attempt to spark sales of season tickets broke several rules about pre-season publicity.  

It is not impossible for a prepositional phrase to serve as the subject, but it's quite rare in formal prose, and quite unlikely for this sentence. We can either allow the prepositional phrase to modify the independent clause or allow a new subject, the "basketball program," to own the information in the prepositional phrase.

It is sometimes tempting to allow what we could call a "double start," a sentence which actually has two subjects in a situation that calls for one.

[em19]Confusion
The new system of student registration, we began to use it in the fall.  
Repair Work
We began to use the new system of student registration in the fall.

A similar source of confusion occurs with another kind of mixed construction, when we allow a complete sentence to act as the subject of another sentence.

[em19]Confusion
Beginning in the fall of 1997, we began to use the system called Banner, was the responsibility of the registrar's office.  
Repair Work
Beginning in the fall of 1997, we began to use the system called Banner. The Registrar's office was responsible for this initial project.

Another mixed construction is the result of an adverbial phrase (frequently the combination of a preposition and a gerund) acting as the subject of a sentence.

[em19]Confusion
By devising carefully worded forms ahead of time made the registrar's job much easier.  
Repair Work
Devising carefully worded forms ahead of time made the Registrar's job much easier.

Adverbial clauses cannot be allowed to act as subjects, either.

[em19]Confusion
Even if students' records are lost in the shuffle of registration does not mean they will have to start the process over.  
Repair Work
Even if students' records are lost in the shuffle of registration, they will not necessarily have to start the process over.  
Repair Work
Students do not have to start the process over if their records are lost in the registration shuffle.

If the subject-predicate equation hinges on a to be verb, we must be careful that the elements on either side of the verb are equal in kind and that they can, in fact, be equated.

[em19]Confusion
Those who want the new fieldhouse on campus and those who want it in the city would be an unlikely place at this time.  
Repair Work
Those who want the new fieldhouse on campus and those who want it in the city will have to agree on the best place for it to be built.

The phrases "the reason is because" and "the reason why is because" have crept into our language in spite of their inherent redundancy. The word reason means why or because, so to create a subject-predicate equation in which the subject means the same thing as itself is redundant. Think "the reason that" and the problem is solved.

[em19]Confusion
The reason they were so eager to sell tickets is because they're trying to refurbish the old fieldhouse.  
Repair Work
They reason they were so eager to sell tickets is that they're trying to refurbish the old fieldhouse.
Repair Work
They were so eager to sell tickets because they're trying to refurbish the old fieldhouse.  

Two more phrases that create subject-predicate difficulty are is when and is where, especially when we're trying to create our own definitions. A definition must consist of nouns on both sides of the equation represented by the to be verb, not a noun and an adverb clause.

[em19]Confusion
Libel is when you print something that can ruin someone else's reputation.  
Confusion
Libel is where you've printed something that can ruin someone else's reputation.  
Repair Work
Libel is the publication of material that can ruin someone else's reputation.

[此贴子已经被lucylu于2002-12-8 15:25:43编辑过]

bluehero_3

the same as
the same that
as的确可以充当关系代词，但是！不能充当关系副词！
That 既可以充当关系代词，又可以充当关系副词。
这是重点考点！记住！

bluehero_3

the same as
the same that
as的确可以充当关系代词，但是！不能充当关系副词！
That 既可以充当关系代词，又可以充当关系副词。
这是重点考点！记住！

success2002

其实在ETS中WITH的用法很简单，大家没必要花费如此大的精力记如此多的用法

火龙果

it is such a good website! thanks!