GWD31 Q20-Q23

samuelxie

哪位NN能帮忙解释一下这几道阅读题怎么解吗？应该定位在哪里啊...

Anthropologists once thought that the ancestors of modern humans began to walk upright because it freed their hands to use stone tools, which they had begun to make as the species evolved a brain of increased size and mental capacity. But discoveries of the three-million-year-old fossilized remains of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus have yielded substantial anatomical evidence that upright walking appeared prior to the dramatic enlargement of the brain and the development of stone tools.
      Walking on two legs in an upright posture (bipedal locomotion) is a less efficient proposition than walking on all fours (quadrupedal locomotion) because several muscle groups that the quadruped uses for propulsion must instead to provide the biped with stability and control. The shape and configuration of various bones must likewise be modified to allow the muscles to perform these functions in upright walking. Reconstruction of the pelvis (hipbones) and femur (thighbone) of “Lucy”, a three-million-year-old skeleton that is the most complete fossilized skeleton from the australopithecine era, has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human, which evolved to form the larger birth canal needed to accommodate the head of a large-brained human infant. By contrast, the head of Lucy’s baby could have been no larger than that of a baby chimpanzee.
    If the small-brained australopithecines were not toolmakers, what evolutionary advantage did they gain by walking upright? One theory is that bipedality evolved in conjunction with the nuclear family: monogamous parents cooperating to care for their offspring. Walking upright permitted the father to use his hands to gather food and carry it to his mate from a distance, allowing the mother to devote more time and energy to nurturing and protecting their children. According to this view, the transition to bipedal walking may have occurred as long as ten million years ago, at the time of the earliest hominids, making it a crucial initiating event in human evolution.


20: The passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently? （答案：C）
A. development of a nuclear family structure
B. transition from walking on all fours to walking upright
C. dramatic enlargement of the brain
D. use of the hands to gather and carry food
E. modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion
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21: The passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are （答案：B）

A. less well adapted to large group cooperation
B. less well adapted to walking upright
C. more agile in running and climbing
D. more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E. more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
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22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics? （答案：D）
A. brain size
B. tool making ability
C. shape of the pelvis
D. method of locomotion
E. preference for certain foods
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23: The primary purpose of the passage is to （答案：A）
A. present an interpretation of the chronological relationship between bipedal locomotion  and certain other key aspects of human evolution
B. compare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of bipedal locomotion to those  of quadrupedal locomotion
C. argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a more crucial step in  human evolution than was the development of stone tools
D. analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the large brain of  modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believed
E. use examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the evolutionary differences  between modern humans, australopithecines, and chimpanzees

endless1990

不是nn，我也错了两。刚巧做到，讨论讨论。
以下是我的理解，
第一段先讲了人类学家的过去理解，认为由于需要制造工具，才开始直立行走。可是，考古发现直立行走比脑量增大要早得很多。这里还提到了，因为制造工具，所以脑量才会变大(这个是共识)。
第二段讲直立行走和四肢行走的不同。举了Lucy（ from the australopithecine era）的例子。把LUCY和Modern Human，大猩猩比较。Lucy’s wide, shallow pelvis is actually better suited to bipedal walking than is the rounder, bowl-like pelvis of the modern human（这应该就是21题的答案根据吧）。最后讲，LUCY的脑量比小大猩猩还小。
最后一段，讲为什么脑量和直立行走没有关联（australopithecine也就是找到LUCY的那地方的古人）。提出一个理论：直立行走和核心（小？）家庭的构成有关。直立行走可以让父亲被母亲走很远距离，允许母亲喂养和保护小孩。然后说，根据这个理论，直立行走应该在ten million years ago。

20: The passage suggests that proponents of the theory mentioned in lines 50-54 (One theory is … offspring) assume that which of the following steps in human evolution occurred most recently?
A.    development of a nuclear family structure
B.    transition from walking on all fours to walking upright
C.    dramatic enlargement of the brain
D.    use of the hands to gather and carry food
E.    modification of propulsive muscles to provide stability and control in locomotion
关于这题，A，B，E都和直立行走有关，而且问题中的（最后一段）的理论认为直立行走肯定比脑量增大有关。所以，都可以排除。
而D是为了支持理论，而在最后一段提出的，因此也可以排除。
那么就只有C了。（第一段讲到直立行走比脑量增大要早，这里理论是支持那个观点的）

21: The passage suggests that, in comparison with the hominid australopithecines, modern humans are
A.          less well adapted to large group cooperation
B.          less well adapted to walking upright
C.          more agile in running and climbing
D.          more well suited to a nuclear family structure
E.           more well suited to cooperative caring for their offspring
文章中提到Modern Human，我没注意到。不知道直立说的Modern Human是指哪个朝代的人？反正感觉不像指的是21世纪的人。望NN指点。
另外，这题和第二段有关，第二段讲了盆骨和直立行走的关系。比较了Lucy和ModernHuman的盆骨的不同。感觉这就是考点吧。

22: According to the passage, the hominid australopithecine most closely resembled a modern human with respect to which of the following characteristics?
A.    brain size
B.    tool making ability
C.    shape of the pelvis
D.    method of locomotion
E.    preference for certain foods
感觉解这题还是需要看第二段，
has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee.
上面这句话（主语没拷出来，太长了），比较LUCY和大猩猩和ModernHuman。说LUCY不像大猩猩（四肢行走），更像ModernHuman。这应该就是考点吧。ABE，第二段都没提到。而C，第二段讲的是有很大差别的。因此，D吧。


23: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.    present an interpretation of the chronological relationship between bipedal locomotion and certain other key aspects of human evolution
B.    compare the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of bipedal locomotion to those of quadrupedal locomotion
C.    argue that the transition to a nuclear family structure was a more crucial step in human evolution than was the development of stone tools
D.    analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the large brain of modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believed
E.    use examples of muscle and bone structure to illustrate the evolutionary differences between modern humans, australopithecines, and chimpanzees
选项太长，我也做错了。看了答案之后，确实感觉通篇都在讲直立行走比脑增量早（certain other key aspects of human evolution）。
B选项讲直立行走的好处和坏处，文章没讲。
C选项说核心家庭比制造工具在人类进化过程中要重要，文章没讲，至少是没有对他们进行比较。
D讲分析直立行走的证据来证明脑增量比直立行走要早（不知道我的理解对否，反正错选了这个）。
E利用肌肉和骨架来说明ModernHuman，。。。和大猩猩的不同。有讲到的话，也只是细节。

如有不妥之处，请指出

cckjenius

LS的第23题我也同样是选了D，但是事实上应该不是D
原因：
1 从选项看  analyze anatomical evidence of bipedal locomotion to show that the large brain of modern humans developed at a later stage of evolution than was previously believed
文章着重点应该是体现:立着走的 关键字应该是：立着走的
选项就没有体现
2 从文章中看 最后一段
立着走的好处
所以不是D

bobochener

D可能错在anatomical 解剖学，这个词吧。。文中并不是在一直用这种证据说明，而且D的说法感觉文中的重点在large brain，其实通篇说的是upright walking。

buttonwood

has shown that they are much more like the corresponding bones of the modern human than like those of the most closely related living primate, the quadrupedal chimpanzee. 这句话不是说明22应该选C么？比较LUCY和大猩猩和ModernHuman。说LUCY不像大猩猩（四肢行走），更像ModernHuman。为什么答案是D？

imbalancey

个人感觉第23题只能概括第二段的内容。