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hierarch

issue:
开头段：
第一句话(两厢比较型中则是第一组话)：
A.单一观点型(看场合不同选择一个)
1.As is well-known and has often been described, ...
2.It is traditionally a common practice for...
B.两厢比较型
There is much debate over the issue that... Some people believe that... Others, however, maintain that... 第二句话：
A.单一观点（简称单）
1.支持：In my point of view, I agree with the speaker and there are many instances supporting my view.
2.反对：In my point of view, I do not agree with the opinion stated above for some obvious reasons.
B.两厢比较（简称两）
In my point of view, whether one has advantages over the other depends on the specific circumstances. 第二段：
In the first place, the reason why I have such a view is that...
A particular example for this is ...
Under this circumstance, it is obvious that... 第三段：
In the second place, much evidence has shown that ...
Just imagine what would be like if...
Hence, another equally important aspect is that... 第四段：
Finally, to understand the truth of ..., it is also necessary to see...
For example, ... 总结段：
Consequently, due to the above-mentioned reasons, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... argument
开头段：
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends that...
To support this conclusion, the arguer points out/provides evidence that...
In addition, he reasons/asserts/infers that...
Furthermore, he also indicates that...
But in my point of view, this argument suffers from three(2,4,5都可以啦) critical flaws. 第二段：
In the first place, the arguer rests on the unreasonable / gratuitous/ unconvincing assumption that...
However, the author provides no evidence to support this argument.
It is likely that.... yet the reason is still insufficient.
... 第三段：
In the second place,
1.the arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between ... and ...
2.the arguer commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.
3.the arguer cites the fact/assumes that... This fact(assumption), however, does not seem convincing/reasonable on its face.
(按需要选用3句中的一句)
... 第四段：
Last but not least(字典上是这样说的，但是我考试时写了the last but not the least,不知道是对还是错)，
1.the arguer fails to take into account other facts that contribute to...
2.he statistic evidence on which the argument relies is too vague to be believable.
... 总结段：
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information that...
The arguer should also demonstrate that...to make this argument logically acceptable

hierarch

孙远的作文补充句型
●The argument
开头段的思路：
第一句指出原论证的结构或主张
第二句指出原论证的论据
第三句指出原论证的重要假设
最后指出原论证犯有逻辑错误
正文：
一段一个方面，注意句型
结尾：
结论，对如何加强提出建议。
开头段模式：
1． In this argument, the arguer recommend (conclude) that…
2． This recommendation is based on the result (evidence; fact) of the survey that…
3． In addition, the arguer assumes this…
4． A careful examination would review how groundless the argument (conclusion) is…
对于文中涉及数字的黄金句型：
1． The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to what the arguer assumes.
2． The statistical evidence on which the argument depends is so vague (unrepresentative) that it does not validate the auger’s assumption (claim).
对于正文有用的句型：
1． The argument rests on the unfounded(unconvincing,　unreasonable,　gratuitous,　groundless,　unwarranted)　assumption that…
2． The arguer fails to take Into account other possible factors that might (lend to, result in)…
3． The arguer ignores other relevant factors concerning +名词结构
4． The arguer fails to convince us that (sb of)…
5． The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that…
黄金句型
1． The arguer fails to provide solid (any, sufficient, concrete) evidence to prove that …/to support the assumption that…/to validate the assumption that …/quarantine the conclusion that…
2． Another point worth concerning is that the arguer fails to take into account…
3． The reasoning that …is open to doubt /unreliable/problematic.
4． Another assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal of relationship between A&B./…is that /the claim that…
5． The fact that …says little (nothing) about…
对于正文的分析以及结尾模式：
1． 采取推测法，推测有可能的例证，反例，推测作者论证可导致的其他结论。
It is likely (possible) that…
It is impossible that…
One possibility is that…another possibility is that…the third possibility is that…
May, might, perhaps
2． 假设
If… even If; granted that …we can not ensure that… ,unless….
结尾的三句话框架：
指出原论者没有论证自己的结论，分别指出可以从正文所分析的方面加强原论证。
三个结尾的范例：
１． In this conclusion, the arguer fails to validate the claim that… To solidify the argument .the arguer should supply more evidence to Indicate (demonstrate) that…In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the above-mentioned possibilities that might undermine the auger’s conclusion.
２． To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the auger claims. to make the argument more convincing ,the arguer would have to provide more Information concerning …
３． As It stands, the argument Is not well reasoned .to make It logically acceptable ,the arguer should provide more concrete evidence to demonstrate that …what’s more ,the arguer must supply more 具体化 Information to strong the conclusion.
如果时间紧急，只有一两分钟的结尾套路：
1. To conclusion, the argument Is not persuasive as It stands, before we accept the claim, the arguer must provide more substantial facts to prove that…
2. In summary, the conclusion reached In this argument Is Invalid and misleading, to make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that…moreover, I would suspend my judgement about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide more concrete and reliable evidence.
●Issue
开头的句型：
１． There Is much controversy over the Issue of…Some people claim that …while others believe that…in the last analysis I argue that…
２． The Issue of … Is a very controversial one (arouses much controversy among people with different perspectives and background). Although many people believe that …I argue that…(I debt whether the argument bears close examination).
３． Now it is widely believe that …as opposed to the commonly held view, I argue that…
４． The speaker asserts that …while I agree that…I insist that…
５． There Is much concern over the Issue of … the arguer advocate that …we do not (绿皮书65页)
６． According to the title statement…although it is commonly held that …It is unlikely be true that…