二。比较结构和比较对象的错误。
这两种错误通常会交织在一起，因此我就按照上边比较结构的分类来分别总结：
1. more...than 结构
按照原则A中出现的大N cwang 贴子：http://forum.chasedream.com/dispbbs.asp?boardid=23&id=103101
常见的比较的结构有： 主语比较；宾语比较；介宾比较；状语比较；
其中又根据句子的结构分成：主谓宾全的句子比较；主系表的句子比较;主谓+介宾/状语/其他修饰结构的句子比较
A.主语比较 ==》这个是变化最多的一种，通常的分歧在于主语比较的时候的动词是否需要补出。
其实总体的原则非常的简单： #1 对于主谓宾全或者主谓+介宾短语的句子的主语比较，谓语动词必须补出，其主要目地是为了和宾语比较区分开来，防止歧义。 例 OG133： 主语比较_主谓宾句型
Holland spends a larger + 宾语 + than the United States does ； 补出does,防止了产生 the United States 和 its gross national product 比较的歧义。133. In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States.
(A) In Holland, a larger percentage of the gross national product is spent on defense of their coasts from rising seas than is spent on military defense in the United States.（比较结构错误）
(B) In Holland they spend a larger percentage of their gross national product on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.（比较结构不完整，比较对象错误）
(C) A larger percentage of Holland's gross national product is spent on defending their coasts from rising seas than the United States spends on military defense. （比较结构完整，比较对象错误）
(D) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product defending its coasts from rising seas than the military defense spending of the United States.（比较结构不完整，比较对象错误）
(E) Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense.（比较结构完整，比较对象正确）
In choices A, B, and C, the plural pronouns their and they have no plural noun for a logical referent. Since In Holland modifies all of the sentence that follows, A states confusedly that Holland spends a percentage of its gross national product on military defense in the United States. In C, the passive is spent is not parallel with the active spends. Lack of parallelism in choice D produces an illogical comparison: the percentage that Holland spends is said to exceed not the percentage that the United States spends but rather its total military defense spending. Parallel phrasing allows E, the best choice, to make a logical comparison between what Holland spends and what the United States does [spend]. 例 OG199： 主语比较_主谓宾句型 an earthquake... will typically devastate an area 和 will a quake。。。的比较 199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West. (A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West （比较结构完整，比较对象错误）
(B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West（比较结构不完整，比较对象错误，比较词错误）
(C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the West（比较结构不完整）
(D) in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West（比较结构完整，比较对象正确）
(E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West（比较结构不完整，比较对象错误）
At issue is the accurate expression of a complex comparison. Choice D, the best answer, presents the proper form of comparison, will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will; thus, choice D logically indicates that earthquakes in the eastern United States are 100 times more devastating than are western earthquakes. Choices A, B, and E use it incorrectly to suggest that the same quake strikes both the eastern and the western United States. In choice C, 700 times the area... than is unidiomatic. 例 OG224： 主语比较_主谓+介宾句型
Inuits of the Bering Sea 和 Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska 比较；补出were，防止Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.和介宾结构中的contact with Europeans 比较。 224. Inuits of the Bering Sea were in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska.
(A) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than
(B) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than
(C) in isolation from contact with Europeans longer than were
(D) isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were
(E) in isolation and without contacts with Europeans longer than
The phrasing of the comparisons in choices A, B, and E is incomplete, so the comparisons are ambiguous: because longer than could be followed by either from or were, it is unclear whether Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from Europeans longer than from the other Native American groups, or whether they were isolated from Europeans longer than the other groups were. In A and C, in isolation from contact is wordy and unidiomatic. The awkward phrasing of E further distorts the sense of the sentence: because with cannot idiomatically serve as the preposition for in isolation, the sentence suggests that the Bering Sea Inuits were totally isolated. Choice D is best: it employs concise, idiomatc phrasing to express a logically complete comparison. #2 对于主系表或者主谓+其他非名词性结构修饰成分的句子的主语比较，由于谓语动词之后不存在名词性结构造成歧义，谓语动词省略。 OG118: 主语比较_主系表句型 their economic bases 和 those of most predominantly White colleges 比较 1l8. The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than most predominantly White colleges.
(A) than
(B) than those of
(C) than is so of
(D) compared to
(E) compared to those of
Choice B, the best answer, correctly uses the construction more fragile ... than to compare the economic bases of private Black colleges with those of most predominantly White colleges. Choice A fails to supply a phrase like those of, thus illogically comparing the Black colleges' economic bases to predominantly White colleges. Similarly, in C than is so of does not clearly identify the second term of the comparison and is unnecessarily wordy. Like A, D makes an illogical comparison between bases and colleges, and both D and E use the unidiomatic and redundant more ... compared to. OG137:主语比较_主系表句型
137. In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than a family where the husband only was employed.
(A) a family where the husband only
(B) of a family where only the husband
(C) that for families in which only the husband
(D) a family in which only the husband
(E) those of families in which the husband only
Choices A and D illogically compare the median income to a family rather than to another median income. Also, families would be preferable to a family in A, B, and D because the comparison is between groups of families. In A and B, in which would be preferable to where, since where properly refers to location. Choices A and E misplace only so that it seems to modify was employed rather than the husband. In B and E, of is less idiomatic than for, and the plural pronoun those in E does not agree with the singular noun referent income. C, the best choice, uses the singular pronoun that to stand for income, thus establishing a logical comparison. OG161：主语比较_主系表句型
161. A wildlife expert predicts that the reintroduction of the caribou into northern Minnesota would tail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous than one wolf for every 39 square miles.
(A) would fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous than
(B) would fail provided the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more than
(C) should fail if the timber wolf density in that region was greater than
(D) will fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is greater than
(E) will fail if the timber wolf density in that region were more numerous than
D, the best choice, uses a correct sequence of present and future indicative verb forms--predicts, will fail, and is--in the three related clauses. Density, an abstract "mass" noun, is logically construed with greater than. In A and B, would fail disagrees with the other verbs in tense and mood. Choice A misconstrues density with more numerous than, and B uses the pretentious and illogical word provided for ifm a conditional clause after a negative idea (would fail). C's should fail and was are confusing and inconsistent with predicts. C and E use the absurd phrase timber wolf density. (The wolves are not dense; their population is dense.) E also uses an inconsistent subjunctive form, were, and misconstrues density with more numerous than. B.宾语比较 ==》这种比较之存在于主谓宾全的句子中。需要和主谓宾全的句子的主语比较 以及 介宾结构的比较区分。
另外一点需要注意的是这种比较的宾语通常用代词+介词+对应的主语比较对象组成，需要和主谓宾全的句子的主语比较区分。 OG19：宾语比较_主谓宾句型 protein of higher quality 和 that in wheat 比较。通过用 that 指代protein ，形成 protein in wheat 和 前面的protein比较，非常有迷惑性。
19. In addition to having more protein -than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
(A) the protein in rice is higher quality than that in
(B) rice has protein of higher quality than that in
(C) the protein in rice is higher in quality than it is in
(D) rice protein is higher in quality than it is in
(E) rice has a protein higher in quality than
In this sentence, the initial clause modifies the nearest noun, identifying it as the thing being compared with wheat. By making protein the noun modified, choices A, C, and D illogically compare wheat with protein and claim that the protein in rice has more protein than wheat does. In C and D, the comparative structure higher in quality than it is in wheat absurdly suggests that rice protein contains wheat. B, the best choice, logically compares wheat to rice by placing the noun rice immediately after the initial clause. B also uses that to refer to protein in making the comparison between the proteins of rice and wheat. Choice E needs either that in or does after wheat to make a complete and logical comparison. OG112：宾语比较_不定式宾语
112. Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road.
(A) into research to develop cars more gasoline-efficient even than presently on the road
(B) into research for developing even more gasoline-efficient cars on the road than at present
(C) for research for cars to be developed that are more gasoline-efficient even than presently the road
(D) in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road
(E) in research for developing cars that are even more gasoline-efficient than presently on the road
Choice D, the best answer, uses the preposition than to compare two clearly specified and grammatically parallel terms, the cars the manufacturers hope to develop and those at present on the road. In A, the phrase more gasoline-efficient ... than presently on the road does not identify the second term of the comparison. In B, the misuse of modifying phrases produces an ambiguous and awkward statement: even more gasoline-efficient cars could refer either to more cars that are efficient or to cars that are more efficient. Choices B, C, and E all use research for [verb] where the idiom requires research to [verb]. In addition, C awkwardly separates even from more, and C and E again fail to indicate the second term of the comparison. C.介宾短语的比较 ==》这种比较需要和宾语比较进行区分，一定要补出介词。其原因是介宾短语中的宾语和整句的宾语在句中成分不同，需要强调出是那些在比较，消除歧义。另一个是这个介宾短语不能是句子主语的修饰成分比较，如果是，则需要变换成主语比较形式。（下面的OG200 E选项） OG116：介宾短语比较_主谓宾+介宾短语
116. Those who come to church with a predisposition to religious belief will be happy in an auditorium or even a storefront, and there is no doubt that religion is sometimes better served by adapted spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it.
(A) adapted spaces of this kind instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it
(B) adapted spaces like these rather than some of the buildings actually designed for them
(C) these adapted spaces instead of by some of the buildings actually designed for it
(D) such adapted spaces rather than by some of the buildings actually designed for them
(E) such adapted spaces than by some of the buildings actually designed for it
Choice E, the best answer, correctly uses the construction is better served by x than by y and supplies the proper singular pronoun, it, to refer to religion. Choices A and B complete the construction beginning better served by x... unidiomatically, with instead of by y and rather than y. Also in B, them does not agree with its logical referent, religion. Choice C repeats the unidiomatic instead construction; in addition, such is preferable to these for presenting examples or instances. Choice D repeats the errors with rather than and them. OG200. 介宾短语比较_主谓宾+介宾短语
200. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
(D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.
(E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place. （主语+介宾短语+谓语+比较词+介宾短语错误)
Choice A, the best answer, is the only one that manages syntactic control of the sentence. The sentence consists of two independent clauses, beginning Certain pesticides ... and one reason, which are connected by a semicolon. Dangling or misplaced modifiers plague choices B, C, and D: in each case, the phrase if used repeatedly in the same place illogically modifies one reason rather than certain pesticides. In choice E, The finding of much larger populations .. . than in those that is an improperly constructed comparison. 介宾短语比较_主系表+介宾短语
254. Balding is much more common among White males than males of other races.
(A) than
(B) than among
(C) than is so of
(D) compared to
(E) in comparison with
B, the best choice, correctly uses the idiomatic construction more common among x than among y. In A, the comparison is not parallel and not clear; one illogical but available reading is that balding is more common among White males than are males of other races. To be clear, the sentence should read more common among White males than among .... In C, the phrase is so cannot refer to the process Balding, and more common among ... than is so lacks parallelism. In D and E, the phrases more common... compared to and more common ... in comparison with are redundant and unidiomatic. The correct form is more common than. D.状语的比较 ==》这种比较可以分成时间状语比较，原因状语比较等。常见的是时间状语比较，而且通常会有很多的省略, 用 than ever before/ any pervious 等表示缺省的和当前的比较。 OG98:时间状语比较_主谓状+全省略： than ever before
98. The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world's capital markets are integrated more closely than never before and events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village--almost instantaneously.
(A) integrated more closely than never before and
(B) closely integrated more than ever before so
(C) more closely integrated as never before while
(D) more closely integrated than ever before and that
(E) more than ever before closely integrated as
Choice D, the best answer, produces a clear sentence in which parallel structure (two clauses introduced by that) underscores meaning: the crash demonstrated [1] that markets are integrated and [2] that events may be transmitted. The other choices lack this parallel structure and contain additional faults. The phrases more... than never in A and more ... as never in C are both unidiomatic: the idiom is more than ever. Choices B, C, and E end with so, while, and as, respectively:and that is needed so that two parallel clauses may be properly joined. Finally, B and E misplace the adverb more, which here should come just before closely: closer, not more frequent, integration of the world's capital markets is what facilitates the transmission of economic events. OG251: 时间状语比较_主系表+状 now 和 when时间状语从句的比较
251. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970's. .
(A) extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than
(B) extinction; its numbers are now five times more than
(C) extinction, their numbers now fivefold what they were
(D) extinction, now with fivefold the numbers they had
(E) extinction, now with numbers five times greater than
A, the best choice, uses a singular pronoun, its, to refer to the singular antecedent The gyrfalcon, and it properly uses the construction its numbers are now ... greater than. In B, the construction its numbers are ... more is not idiomatic: there are more birds, but not more numbers. Choices C and D use a plural pronoun, their or they, to refer to a grammatically singular antecedent, The gyrfalcon. Choices D and E wrongly use a phrase introduced by now with to modify The gyrfalcon. In both choices, the phrase confusingly seems to parallel with extinction; a new clause with a present tense verb is needed to state what the gyrfalcon's numbers are now.
OG198: 时间状语比较_主谓宾+介宾+状+全省略：此题从形式上是介宾短语的比较省略形式，但是表示的是先后时间上的比较，故归类于此。
198. Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than they had in their previous campaigns, it had provisions for only twenty-four days.
(A) they had in their previous campaigns
(B) their previous campaigns had had
(C) they had for any previous campaign
(D) in their previous campaigns
(E) for any previous campaign
If than is followed by a clause referring to army, the subject of that clause must be singular (it). Furthermore, the verb of that clause will need to be in the past perfect form (had had) because it refers to a time before the simple past of entered. Finally, the preposition/or is more precise than in because supplies are gathered/or an upcoming campaign. Choices A and C incorrectly use the plural they and the simple past had. Moreover, A uses the less precise in. Choices D and E wisely dispense with the full clause and use a simple prepositional phrase. D, however, uses the imprecise in and the plural their. Only E, the best choice, avoids all the errors mentioned above.
OG175:状语比较_原因状语比较:
175. Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating.
(A) due to the fact that their bodies burn calories too slowly than overeating
(B) due to their bodies burning calories too slowly than to eating too much
(C) because their bodies bum calories too slowly than that they are overeaters
(D) because their bodies bum calories too slowly than because they eat too much
(E) because of their bodies burning calories too slowly than because of their eating too much
The members of a comparison (more X than Y) should be expressed in parallel form. D, the best choice, correctly uses parallel clauses introduced by because. The clauses them?selves are clear and direct. Choice E uses parallel forms, but the convoluted structures are awkward and wordy. Furthermore, the word bodies would need an apostrophe (bodies') since it is the logical subject of the gerund burning (that is, it answers the question, "Whose burning"). A, B, and C do not use parallel forms for the two members of the comparison. In addition, A and B use due to unidiomatically to mean because; properly used, due to is synonymous with attributable to. E.特殊结构的比较 ==》这种比较类似于固定用法，有 than expected / than usual 等。
OG250: 特殊比较_ than expected
250. The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected it to and its business will improve in the second half of the year.
(A) had expected it to and its business will improve
(B) had expected and that its business would improve
(C) expected it would and that it will improve its business
(D) expected them to and its business would improve
(E) expected and that it will have improved its business
B, the best choice, avoids errors of agreement, correctly uses the parallel construction that x and that y, and uses would rather than will to refer to a promised but uncertain future event. In A and C, singular it after expected has no grammati?cal referent: its antecedent cannot be The company, but rather must be the plural profits. Choices A and C also contain errors of verb form, using will where would is required. Choices A and D fail to maintain parallel structure: properly formed, the construction would have that after expected to parallel that after announced. Furthermore, in D, the addition of them to is unnecessary. Choice E illogically uses the future perfect will have improved to suggest completion of an action that will be continuous in the second half of the year. OG253:特殊比较_than usual
253.Analysts blamed May's sluggish retail sales on unexciting merchandise as well as the weather, colder and wetter than was usual in some regions. which slowed sales of barbecue grills and lawn furniture.
(A) colder and wetter than was usual in some regions, which slowed
(B) which was colder and wetter than usual in some regions, slowing
(C) since it was colder and wetter than usually in some regions, which slowed
(D) being colder and wetter than usually in some regions, slowing
(E) having been colder and wetter than was usual in some regions and slowed
Choice B is the best answer. It is concise and idiomatic, and which has a clear referent, the weather. In A, the insertion of was is unnecessary, and the referent of which is not clear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In C, the adjective usual is needed in place of the adverb usually, and the referent of which is unclear because regions, not weather, is the nearest noun. In D and E, the verb phrases (being colder ..., having been colder . ..) do not refer as clearly to the noun weather as the pronoun which does. Choice D needs the adjective usual in place of the adverb usually, while choice E fails to maintain parallelism in verb tense (having been... and slowed).
例外：
OG46：主语比较_主谓宾句型
此题目是主谓宾全的主语比较结构，应该需要补出谓语动词。但是由于比较结构中的并列谓语require and gain 的出现，如果补出do 会造成不知道指向那里的歧义出现，为了表达清楚，所以省略了谓语动词。
46. A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do those raised in confinement.
(A) associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do
(B) associated with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight quicker than
(C) associate with other calves, they required less medication and will gain weight quicker than do
(D) associate with other calves, they have required less medication and will gain weight more quickly than do
(E) associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than
Choice E, the best answer, uses the adverbial phrase more quickly than to modify the verb phrase gain weight. In A, B, and C, quicker than is incorrect because an adjective should not be used to modify a verb phrase. E is also the only choice with consistent verb tenses. The first verb in the clauses introduced by showed that is exercise. A and B incorrectly compound that present tense verb with a past tense verb, associated. C and D correctly use associate, but C follows with the past tense required and D with the present perfect have required. Both C and D incorrectly conclude with the future tense will gain.
|
