Essay #6.
196
According to P. F. Drucker, the management philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which is designed to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improve customer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product's quality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older management systems.
As Drucker notes, TQM's scientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques of the "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizational structure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychological emphases of the "human relations" school of management.
However, TQM cannot simply be grafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM management systems.
Although, as Drucker contends, TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasing profitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.
While the other management systems referred to use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximize shareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests of employees, shareholders, and customers as convergent.
For example, lower prices not only benefit consumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure its continuance, thus benefiting employees and owners.
TQM's emphasis on shared interests is reflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity, and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.
Question #19.
196-01
(22144-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-01)
The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) point out contradictions in a new management system
(B) compare and contrast the objectives of various management systems
(C) identify the organizational features shared by various management systems
(D) explain the relationship of a particular management system to certain other management systems
(E) explain the advantages of a particular management system over certain other management systems
这道题我选了B，答案是D。请问第二段不是说了TQM的requirement和vision吗，也说了其他system的情况。不算是compare吗？
这道题我选了B，答案是D。请问第二段不是说了TQM的requirement和vision吗，也说了其他system的情况。不算是compare吗？
Question #20.
196-05
(22190-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-05)
Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the first paragraph?
(A) It presents contrasting explanations for a phenomenon presented in the first paragraph.
(B) It discusses an exception to a general principle outlined in the first paragraph.
(C) It provides information that qualifies a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(D) It presents an example that strengthens a claim presented in the first paragraph.
(E) It presents an alternative approach to solving a problem discussed in the first paragraph.
这道题我选了B，因为当时不知道qualify原来有负评价的作用。但是，请问为什么B错呢？第一段说了TQM和其他system的phylosophy，第二段说TQM不能简单移植到其他系统，也就是说在这种情况下，他们不一样。
这道题我选了B，因为当时不知道qualify原来有负评价的作用。但是，请问为什么B错呢？第一段说了TQM和其他system的phylosophy，第二段说TQM不能简单移植到其他系统，也就是说在这种情况下，他们不一样。
Question #21.
196-06
(22236-!-item-!-188;#058&000196-06)
According to the passage, the rationalist and human relations schools of management are alike in that they
(A) are primarily interested in increasing profits
(B) place little emphasis on issues of organizational structure
(C) use statistical sampling techniques to increase profitability
(D) are unlikely to lower prices in order to increase profitability
(E) focus chiefly on setting and attaining long-term objectives 这道题目就更晕了，答案是A。请指教 谢谢大家拉。 | 
