方法 |
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I |
方法--> 目的型 |
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a) |
方法--> 目的, weaken if achieve the goal with or without that method |
7: defrosting vent --> ice welt, Weaken: no attempt to defrost ---> melt at the same rate |
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93: contamined toothbrush --> to avoid sick, while the same likelihood to get sick with contamined or not contamined tooth brosh |
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198: a same level of cost reduction achieved without the new production |
b) |
证明方法事与愿违 A not --> B(target) |
70: cut down wage --> obtain competitive advantage. Actually lower wage --> lower quality and lower sales |
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132: use smoke hoods --> prevent death in accidents. Actually extended time spent on wear the hoods increase the risk of dead |
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141: recruit experience people --> save cost, actually experienced people higher salary --> not save cost |
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157: replace keyboard--> reduce cost. Actually replacement --> training cost increase |
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178.abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actually, no patent, no new drugs = reduced access |
b)-1 |
现象解释 the base of the argument leads to the opposite of the conclusion |
201 large investment in road investment --> adequate road system. Actuall such a large investment proves in adequancy |
b)-2 |
方法有不利的副作用,此处不利是指和conclusion不同 |
136: Method of less issues to cut down cost --> avoid profit decline. While the method also --> lower revenue --> profit decline |
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176: replace by skybus --> more efficiently turnover of flight. While skybus will result in delay which netoff its higher efficiency |
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183: strict environmental control --> higher cost, higher price therefore lower export. While strict environmental control has another imapct on increased demand of machinery--> opposite impact to boost export |
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200 |
c) |
There're better choices to meet the same target |
5. decrease cost --> participate. Weaken by there's other better choices to decrease the cost |
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110. need A to repair S--> keep A. while if there's a cheap and better option to replace instead of repair, no need to keep A |
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186: use more offshore --> reduce risk, while tanker are less risky. Therefore this is a better choice to achieve the goal |
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193 |
d) |
meet the goal by change a variable, weaken by prove the change of variable has no effect to achieve the target |
2: change birthplace from L to H for a longer life expectacy, the change of birthplace has no effect because the life expectacy depends on genetical factors |
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101: change light intensity --> change in biological cycle, while constance light intensity --> still change in cycle. |
e) |
方法-->解决问题,weaken方法effectiveness, such as possibility to circumvent |
112:weaken the effectiveness by provide method to circumvent |
f) |
方法-->目的,而方法是取消或禁止,则证明该方法是达到目的前提或基础假设,不可以没有 |
178. abolish patent to new drugs --> improve access to new drugs. Actualln, no patent, no new drugs |
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180 |
g) |
the method is not feasible |
194: offer free rental --> boost sales of electrical car. The plan will add considerable cost to already high price --> not feasible |
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II |
因果关系型 |
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a) |
因果关系中,直接否定条件或原因 |
14: not harm others --> seat belt is personal decision. While it does harm others, the assumption or prerequsite does not valid |
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93: plane is better because it's more flexible than train. Weaken if plane is no more flexible than train. 否定原因 |
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141: because safest chair is heaviest --> airline use safest chair overweight security over cost. While safest chair is not heavist, 否定原因 |
b) |
找到其他因素可以使原因不发生 |
125:RM cost decrease-->price decrease, imply that because cost decrease so price decrease. The answer proves the total cost does not decrease as processing cost increase net off the lower RM cost. |
c) |
因果关系中,直接否定结果 |
105: conclusion - no economic justification, weaken by prove that there's economic reason |
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106: more customer buy earlier engine --> no consideration about safety. While actually, because customer care safety, they buy the earlier engine |
d) |
因果关系,异因同果,则weaken原因 |
A-->B, actually no A --> B |
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131. insurance --> higher bank failure rate, actually, no insurance --> still higher bank failure , same result |
e) |
同因异果则weaken该因果关系 |
9: shy and active in night --> bat are feared. While samely shy and active in night --> raccoons and owls are not feared |
f) |
因果倒置 A-->B, actually B--> A |
137: different cycle --> unhappy marriage, Actually unhappy marriage --> different cycle |
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III |
断桥法break the bridge: A--> B--> C, break A-->B, then A cannot --> C |
12: remove restriction--> lawyer advertise and charged lower fees --> overall fees decrease. If lawyer advertise but not charged lower fee. Removal of restriction does not result in lower fees. Lawyer decrease fee is the bridge which was broken |
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IV |
他因削弱alternative explanation (尤其当原推理过程中原因有唯一性时) |
29: conclusion entirely A-->B, while another reason C-->B, thus C weaken that A is the only reason |
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A --> B, while actually also C --> B, thus weaken A -->B |
41: campaign --> more people take bus; less road available --> take bus |
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81: failure control --> price drop while production increase also --> price decrease |
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146, 163,203 |
V |
Attack the base or assumption |
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a) |
attack the validity of the assumption or reasoning bases |
原推理过程暗含assumption,则证明该假设不成立,则原推理过程 weaken. , 29: assumption all the patients are accurately diagnosed --> this assumption is false , then the reasoning is weakened. (另:68) |
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147 a counter prediction |
a)-1 |
by giving another explanation |
182: implements resemble Maya --> maya settlement. The resmble may be Maya copy from its earlier inhabitants, not C copy Maya |
a)-2 |
reasoning base 本身有flaw |
187: reasoning 偷换概念 class --> all the cars available |
b) |
weaken the reliability of the survey or base |
52: low usage in survey result --> conclude not much use; actual use > survey. Integrity |
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157: the reliability of records is weaken because different definition of accident is adopted by two companies --imcomparable |
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191: trial results are based on the top staffs --> the sample is not representative for all the staffs -- Representativeness |
c) |
the assumption or cause is not feasible |
64: because small mills can take orders from big mills which are previous taken by foreign companies---> import quota can help small mills. While actually it is not possible for small mills to take such orders |
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78: conclusion: young children do not think intention as relevant to punishment. While they are unable to justify whether the harm is done intentionally or not. |
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102: food allergy --> headache, unable to identify what are the foods |
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VI |
举出反例,直接weaken conclusion,不用多,只要一个反例就weaken |
conclusion: arrive South earlier than North, any evidence support arrive North earlier can weaken --> some sites are predates |
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speculate: silence. Fact: encourage |
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191,196 |
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A+B-->C, while if only A-->C, then weaken A+B together are necessary |
61: perception of slower growth + deficiet --> devaluation, while actually only perception leads to devaluation. |
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113: the method does not mitigate the cause of the problem |
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the conclusion is wrong by rasing other potential factors |
188: conclusion: less accidents during peak season, while there's other factor which may lead to more accident |