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首先是论据,论据可能有的缺陷是:1。论据不充分 (Insufficient sample/evidence) 2. 论据有疑点(doubtful survey/statistics) 3. 论据包含了无理的假设(gratuitous assumption) 4.论据和论点无直接因果关系 (no causal relationship) 5。论据不适用论点的情况(false analogy)
这就有了五宗罪了。特别是无理假设,最容易出现。 The argument is rested on the gratuitous assumption that…There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case, Nor does the author cites any evidence to support this assumption. In factor, more discreet inspections would reveal that many other factors far overweigh the factor the author heeds. For example, …
其次,论证有问题,论证最常见的就是说理论证和举例论证,说理论证的时候可能犯的错误是:
1。没有因果关系(no causal relationship) ,可能只是巧合,the author commits a fallacy of casual oversimplification. The fact A coincide with B does not lead to the conclusion that…without compelling evidence to support the casual relationship, the conclusion is not validated. 也可能根本没有关系,只不过是时间上先后顺序而已,the author commits a fallacy of assuming that just because A is followed by B, the latter event B causes the former event A. 也可能是因果关系不强烈,还有更强烈的因果关系,the only reason the author offers is the claim that…But it is entirely possible that the result can be attributed to other factors such as…Unless the author can rule out these and other factors relevant to …this argument commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.
2。 不具备可比性(false analogy) 如果题目里面比较了两个情况,或者暗中把某个其他情况下的结果拿来用在新情况中,就会产生可比性的问题。The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B. Although there are points of comparisons between A and B, differences clearly outweigh similarities, thus making the analogy highly invalid. For example, 说明有什么不同就可以了。
3。太绝对,否定中间可能性或者其他可能性( either-or choice) 有些题目的两个方面都有一定道理,两种情况可以不矛盾。The author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason that A and B cannot be reconciled. Common sense and observations tell us that combining A and B might generate even better results.
有些题目会出现举例论证的情况,比如,根据对几个公司的调查,对过去几年的数据分析,等等,通常情况下,都可以说他们有缺陷,毕竟,除了数学归纳法,任何针对无限可能的情况使用穷举法都是白痴行为。 因此,很容易的就可以驳论:
4。举例不充分:the evidence the author provide is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. The statistics are collected from only a few samples. It may not be a good indicator of general case/trend. Unless the author can show that the samples selected are representative in general, he should not be so confident to conclude that…since it is also possible that…Hence, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion is completely unwarranted
5.例子有问题:the poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the pool, who responded, or when, where, how the poll was conducted. Hence, lacking information about the percentage, the number, the composition, the education level, the age range, etc, it is unlikely to show that….
除了上述的这些主要“罪状”,有时候,题目比较短小,破绽比较集中,很难铺开大肆征讨,七宗罪就显得有点牛刀杀鸡了。 这时候,就要灵活,果断的放弃,千万不能执著的硬套,因为这会让自己写不下去,影响速度,情绪。
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