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| 一、全部倒装
谓语动词提前至主语之前为全部倒装，如：
Out came his guest.
On the hill stood a little cottage that contained heaps of hay.
There lived an elderly lady whose husband died long ago.
二、部分倒装
助动词或情态动词提至主语之前，谓语动词位置不变，即为部分倒装，如：
Neither could he see through your plan.
So little did I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words.
Doesn't her invitation appeal to you?
第一节 否定词提前倒装
否定词用于句首时，句子应进行部分倒装
否定词常用的有：
Not only…(but also), Not until(直到…..才),
No sooner….(than)(一…..就) Never/ Rarely/Seldom
Hardly/Scarcely… (when) Few/Little
Neither/Nor (也不) Nwhere
At no time Under no circumstances(决不)
On no account (决不) In no way
其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用，需注意：后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装，只有否定词之后的部分倒装
如：Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.
No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.
Seldom does he travel about.
Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.
此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中，需填入的是倒装部分，只要在句首见到上述的词，就
应条件反射的想到用倒装句
第二节 介词、分词词组提前倒装
当句子没有宾语，且主语偏长时，往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语
或作表语的分词短语提至句首，引起主谓的全部倒装
如：In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.
Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she
had blamed for all the social injustices.
Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.
第三节 副词提前倒装
副词提至句首引起倒装，可分以下几种情况：
1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)
或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前，必须部分倒装
如：Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.
Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.
Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.
2. often, such, so等副词提前，部分倒装
如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.
=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.
Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.
Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.
注意，so的另一种倒装是表示“也…”
California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.
加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入，佛罗里达也是这样
同理，体会一下neither, nor的倒装
He can't dance, neither/nor can I.= I can't, either.
他不会跳舞，我也不会。
3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前，全部倒装
如：Off got the staggering gentlemen.
Here are the photos I took at the seaside.
第四节 疑问倒装
疑问句需部分倒装语序，由于经常用到不会成为考试的难点。
如：What part did he play in Hamlet?
Do you prefer tea or coffee?
by可视为被动语态的标志词，by之后的名词短语是句中动作的施动者；在题干中若见到by+名词的结构要优先考虑用被动式
如: The wall is painted by Tom.
The book was written by Mark Twain.
注意1：by之后如果接的是动名词，则表示方式、手段，不能视为被动式的标志，且此时
谓语应用主动式，
如：He passed the exam by cheating.
注意2：对于know来讲，一般用be known to 而不用be know by
强调句中it作形式主语可以替代任何被强调的部分
基本模式：It + be + 强调对象 + who/ whom/that + 句子其余部分
如：It was only you who cared for me. (强调主语)
It is his sister whom /that I have fallen in love with. (强调宾语)
It was under the tree that she found her missing purse. (强调地点状语)
It was last week that I attended an art exhibit for the first time. (强调时间
状语)
It was not until he broke my favorite vase that I flew into rages. (强调状语
从句)
注意：强调的对象是人时，可用who, whom或that, 其余情况一律用that; 当强调对象在
从句中做主语时用who/that, 当强调对象在从句中做宾语时用whom/that.
虚拟语气
此章内容在TOEFL考点中处于相对次要地位，但在英文中是比较活跃的用法，必须对其有
所了解, 这样对读题非常有帮助
虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反的陈述，常表达强烈愿
望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义，可大致分为三类
一、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例如：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I'm not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn't know, so she still feels joyous.)
二、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例如：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn't have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn't rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
此种虚拟可进行倒装，如：
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
= If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.
三、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语
中的“万一”
例如：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
此种虚拟可倒装，如：
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot.
= If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略
。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, r
equest等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work.
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough mate
rials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every moning.
注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情
这类习语有： as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于shou
ld经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ adv
isable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.
一致原则
一致原则贯穿英语语法，在前面各个章节中已有涉及，本章作为对前面的补充，集中讲
TOEFL题中常考的问题
第一节 主谓一致
主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在数上要保持一致. 在英语除了时态的变化外，名词、动词
的数也有差别，这就要求主语（以名词为代表）和谓语（包括助动词）在数上要一致
如：
1. 在名词+of+名词这种结构中, 前一个名词是整个短语的中心词, 当该短语作主语时，
一般以of之前名词的数为依据确定谓语的数.
one of 之后需接复数名词，但one of+名词作主语时中心词是one，故谓语应用单数
One of my students wins the game.
2. 由and连接的多个名词作主语，谓语动词应用复数
Career and love are important to me.
Jim, John and Mary are playing football.
但是如果用and连接起来表示单一的概念时，谓语动词要用单数
The famous singer and actress, Whitney Huston is coming to the ceremony.
(在这里, singer和actress指得是同一人, 都是Whitney Huston)
3. 不可数名词，尤其是抽象名词(relation, authority, necessity, power, democr
acy, young等)作主语时要视为单数，谓语自然也要用单数
The relation between us is very simple.
4. 单个从句作主语时，谓语用单数
That she has gone insane is sheer rumor.
When they will come hasn't been made public.
5. 如果主语是单数，那么即使后面有with/ together with/ along with/accompanied
by, no less than, like, but, except, including, besides等引导的短语，谓语动
词仍然要是用单数
例如：The boy, together with his parents, goes to the cinema today.
No one except the two boys knows how to solve this problem.
6. 由Not A but B, Not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B引导的
主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语相一致
Either you or Mary hurts her.
Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to cha
nge her mind.
Not you but he is tired of typing.
Not only the students but also the teacher is going to be blamed.
7.在there be句型、介词短语、副词为句首引起的倒装句中，真正的主语通常在谓语的
后面，谓语应该和后面的主语在数方面相一致。
但是在there be 句型中，如果有两个或者两个以上的主语，必须和最接近他的那个主语
相一致。
There are a lot of books on the table.
There is only one pencil, two books and one cup on the table.
Many a time has he given us good advice.
第二节 主从句时态一致
主从句语义相互关联，时态也需呼应，所谓一致并不是说主从句的时态要一模一样，而
是不能脱节，一般的原则是不能跨越大的时间范畴，如：主句是一般过去时，从句可能
是过去完成时或过去将来时，而不大可能是现在时或将来时，当然具体情况还应具体分
析，但针对解答TOEFL题而言，掌握上述原则已是绰绰有余
1．通常当主句中的时态是现在时或将来时态时，从句中的动词时态并不受影响，往往还
是根据从句的意思而定。
I know that he will come tomorrow.
I know that he has finished reading this book.
I know that he went to school yesterday.
2. 当主句中的时态是过去时态,那么从句中的时态要作一定的变化
I knew that he would come tomorrow. (现在将来时变为了过去完成时)
I knew that he had finished reading this book. (现在完成时过去完成时)
I was told that he was free today. (现在时态变为过去时态)
第三节 代词与其先行词一致
在讲代词一章时已提到代词的作用是替代已出现过的词，即先行词，那么代词和先行词
之间也应保持性、数的一致才能保证替代的忠实性，不引起误解
在改错题中，确定代词的先行词是解题的关键，主要是依靠句意来判断，还需留意下列
情况：
1. 反身代词需和所在主谓结构的主语一致，若不一致应改为宾格形式
如：Her mother helped her solve the problem.
此句中helped之后若用herself则指的是her mother, 语义不同
2. 在主从句中，或有分词状语的句子中，代词所代替的对象有可能在其后出现，要准确
识别
如：After she entered the room, Mary flung herself to the bed.
此句中she指代的是主句中的Mary |
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