GWD 13套CR分类总结--9套

myice

GWD-9-Q8:

Many large department stores in Montalia now provide shopping carts for their customers. Since customers using shopping carts tend to buy more than those without shopping carts, most of these stores are experiencing strong sales growth, while most other department stores are not. Therefore, in order to boost sales, managers of Jerrod’s, Montalia’s premier department store, are planning to purchase shopping carts and make them available to the store’s customers next month.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt whether the managers’ plan, if implemented, will achieve its goal?

A. Since most customers associate shopping carts with low-quality discount stores, Jerrod’s high-quality image would likely suffer if shopping carts were introduced.

B. Because the unemployment rate has declined to very low levels, Jerrod’s now has to pay significantly higher wages in order to retain its staff.

C. A number of department stores that did not make shopping carts available to their customers have had to close recently due to falling profits.

D. Shopping carts are not very expensive, but they generally need to be replaced every few years.

E. Stores that make shopping carts available to their customers usually have to hire people to retrieve the carts from parking areas.

 

[A] 理解答案A，关键透彻理解A的两层意思：1.J原来给人的印象是HIGH-QUALITY。2.SHOPPING CART给人的印象是low-quality.这两者的矛盾让人合理的想到引进shopping cart会使J的顾客去J的购买欲望受损，从而影响sales，即WEAKEN结论 E错在它只影响利润，结论讲的是SALE。无关

A：嗯，他因削弱

B：与原文的reasoning完全无关

C：加强吧

D：every few years无关；注意结论的特殊性

E：只要购入shopping carts都会有这个问题，无法削弱

myice

GWD-9-Q40:错了。

Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there. 结论

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.

B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.

C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.

D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.

E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.

Answer: B 取非为There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops

因为即使这样，你不知这些PLANTS domesticated是在rice and yams were introduced into western Africa 之前还是之后，如果之后，则结论仍能成立。即B取非不一定使结论不成立。而A取非是结论一定不成立

myice

GWD-9-Q30:

Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.

B. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

C. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.

D. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.

E. The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.

MAIN IDEA就是该段文作者的主要意思，作者支持的。这篇短文的作者是CRIMINOLOGIST。他/她到底要支持什麽，表达什麽，不难看出吧。第一句BOLD可是LEGISTLATORS的意见，是CRIMINOLOGIST要反对的。

myice

GWD-9-Q37:

Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed.

B. Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.

C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants. D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.

E. The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.

 

Answer:排除法较明显。原文：调查开始后一个月内吸烟的人更容易忧郁。答案：不是忧郁才导致的吸烟。（A取非即：如果是由于忧郁导致的吸烟，就刚好变成了因果倒置的削弱）

本题答案排除了因果倒置，所以是加强。

要研究吸烟是否会导致忧郁症的实验显然是不可能以忧郁症患者为研究对象的，否则岂不是很容易导致原因和结果的混淆(即分不清到底是吸烟导致了忧郁还是忧郁导致了吸烟)。所以实验对象里面是不大可能有忧郁症患者的。A

myice

GWD-9-Q38:

GWD-12-Q21:

GWD-13-Q23:

In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?

A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year.

B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.

C. Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.

D. Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.

E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.

 

Answer:

首先, the claim是 saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales.要反对这句话,才能符合题目意思.

题目中提出一个原因:

That claim is false, however, since according to moviemania’s own sales figures, moviemania sold 5percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

a答案提供了一个支持,提出是其他的refreshment销量减少了.

这说明moviemania的观点the change has hurt popcorn sales是不对的.A

myice

拉拉理解：和原文对应，原文讲的都是这两种因素对生育时间的影响。AB易混。

原文知两个关系：如果FACE FOOD SCARCITY，则慢到reproductive maturity 。如果FACE EXCESSIVE HUNTING，则早到reproductive maturity （早到reproductive maturity 的占大多数）。

所以作者认为有可能确定M是由于FOOD SCARCITY灭绝，还是EXCESSIVE HUNTING灭绝。理由是有M数量减少前后的化石。另外，B说可从化石知道到达reproductive maturity 的平均年龄。因为如果减少前的reproductive maturity 年龄大于减少后的年龄，则原因是EXCCESIVE HUNTING（根据第二个关系）。如果小于，则是FOOD SCARCITY（第一个关系）

原文内容+选项，构成答案

 

myice

GWD-9-Q24:

GWD-10-Q7:

For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.

B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.

C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.

D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.

E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.

[A]

myice

GWD-9-Q28:错了

Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper:

Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument?

A. Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive in international markets, only a very small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.与出口无关

B. The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies to steelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations.

C. For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.

D. Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years.说明成本更低，更需要保护，加强。

E. Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from wages paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland.

myice

[C] 原文推理：因为低价的进口钢原材挤掉了K地钢原材生产商的市场，使K地钢铁业失业增多。所以如果政府减少低价钢原材进口，就可减少全国的失业。

C说K地钢原材价格构成了钢材加工品价格的主要部分。在这情况下，如果限制低价钢原材进口，就等于提高钢加工品价格，使钢材加工品竞争力减少，导致更多的失业（其它行业的总失业远大于钢铁行业的失业）。从而WEAKEN结论。

有两个GAP，一个是钢铁制造商和全国制造商，另一方面是钢铁行业的失业和全国总失业。

myice

GWD-9-Q16:错了

A diet high in saturated fats increases a person’s risk of developing heart disease. Regular consumption of red wine reduces that risk. Per-capita consumption of saturated fats is currently about the same in France as in the United States, but there is less heart disease there than in the United States because consumption of red wine is higher in France. The difference in regular red-wine consumption has been narrowing, but no similar convergence in heart-disease rates has occurred. convergence n.集中, 收敛

Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the lack of convergence noted above?

A. Consumption of saturated fats is related more strongly to the growth of fatty deposits on artery动脉 walls, which reduce blood flow to the heart, than it is to heart disease directly.

B. Over the past 30 years, per-capita consumption of saturated fats has remained essentially unchanged in the United States but has increased somewhat in France.

C. Reports of the health benefits of red wine have led many people in the United States to drink red wine regularly.与原文重复

D. Cigarette smoking, which can also contribute to heart disease, is only slightly more common in France than in the United States.无关

E. Regular consumption of red wine is declining dramatically among young adults in France, and heart disease typically does not manifest itself until middle age.