GWD 13套CR分类总结-8套

myice

GWD-8-Q3:

In the late 1980’s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean began to decline. Of the two plausible explanations for the decline—increased predation by killer whales or disease—disease is the more likely. After all, a concurrent sharp decline in the populations of seals and sea lions was almost certainly caused by a pollution-related disease, which could have spread to sea otters, whereas the population of killer whales did not change noticeably.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?

A. Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but will, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.

B. There is no indication that substantial numbers of sea otters migrated to other locations from the North Pacific in the 1980’s.

C. Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980’s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times.

D. Following the decline in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters’ main food source.

E. The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.

 

[A]

污染病导致海象和海狮（这两个鲸的主食）都死了，鲸就开始吃别了了（如海獭），提出另外一个造成sea otters 减少的可能原因，从而造成sea otters 的began to decline，削弱了作者的结论—disease is the more likely

其它标明的都是无关

myice

GWD-8-Q40:

From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent.

If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn?

A. United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973.

B. Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973.

C. The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between 1973 and 1976.

D. United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than on chewing tobacco.

E. A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco between 1973 and 1976.

答案当然是B。人口增长是5%，consumption of cigarettes 增长才3.4%。当然人均consumption of cigarettes 变小了。

myice

GWD-8-Q33:错了。

In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells. When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations of barnacles. Surprisingly, in areas where tidal currents are very weak, juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the surprising finding?

A. Tidal currents do not themselves dislodge barnacles from the shells of horseshoe crabs.

B. Barnacles most readily attach themselves to horseshoe crabs in areas where tidal currents are weakest.

C. The strength of the tidal currents in a given location varies widely over the course of a day.

D. A very large barnacle population can significantly decrease the ability of a horseshoe crab to find food.

E. Until they are fully grown, horseshoe crabs shed their shells and grow new ones several times a year.

 

[E]不会。要先找到矛盾（或奇怪现象）。

奇怪现象：Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells即一般juvenile horseshoe crabs 会附着 barnacles 。但是， juvenile horseshoe crabs are found not to have significant barnacle populations, even though they seldom burrow（这排除BURROW使它们没有附着barnacle的原因）。所以你要找另外原因解释 found not to have significant barnacle 。E的意思为 juvenile horseshoe crabs

（ Until they are fully grown指在他们长大前）一年有几次脱旧壳，长新壳。所以上面的barnacle都给脱掉了，当然没发现 barnacle 。

A是削弱，A和原文第二句话矛盾，Tidal currents 无法去掉 crabs 的 barnacles。B与原文重复无新信息，C与地点无关。D无关。没看懂E的shed

还是要紧扣题目：是否能解释差异

myice

GWD-8-Q38:

Unless tiger hunting decreases, tigers will soon be extinct in the wild. The countries in which the tigers’ habitats are located are currently debating joint legislation that would ban tiger hunting. Thus, if these countries can successfully enforce this legislation, the survival of tigers in the wild will be ensured.

The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument

A. assumes without sufficient warrant that a ban on tiger hunting could be successfully enforced

B. considers the effects of hunting on tigers without also considering the effects of hunting on other endangered animal species

C. fails to take into account how often tiger hunters are unsuccessful in their attempts to kill tigers

D. neglects to consider the results of governmental attempts in the past to limit tiger hunting

E. takes the removal of an impediment to the tigers’ survival as a guarantee of their survival

 

[E]

1.这是指出逻辑错误题，不是WEAKEN题。

2。原文推理：因为NOT EXTINCT----->HUNTING DECREASE。所以HUNTING DECREAS（BAN HUNTING成功）------>NOT EXTINCT。很容易看出逻辑错误为逆命题的错误，即将必要条件（HUNTING DECREASE）当作充分条件。即E。

打猎会导致老虎灭绝，但不让打猎就不会导致老虎灭绝吗？不一定。

对于逻辑题,有一点很重要,就是答案不可能和原文冲突.如原文说已经执行,答案说没有执行,这个答案肯定不对.A错

myice

GWD-8-Q13:

With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies.

B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.

C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.

D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.

E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.

[C]主要在A和C。原文结论是新工作没去年多。新工作分两部分previously established companies 产生的新工作和new companies 产生的新工作。原文已知道previously established companies 产生的新工作没去年多，需要的假设是今年的new companies 产生的新工作和去年new companies 产生的新工作比较情况。对于A所说的new companies 产生的新工作比previously established companies 产生的新工作多和原文的结论没关系。比较对象错误。

new companies指代唯一

题干上说：除非今年新增加的公司数量上能有比去年多，否则总的工作机会就会比去年少。C去掉not后：今年每家公司创造的工作比去年要多-->那就有可能：即使数量少，但创造的工作机会反而多--->削弱！所以C。

myice

GWD-8-Q22:

When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards.

B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all.

C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings.

D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings.

E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created.

[D]

Something is deteriorated do not mean it is endangered. So B is not a required condition to get the conclusion.

不选B的原因在于B过于绝对。

old oil painting 和 old oil paint之间存在gap，答案就是如何弥补这个gap，应该是D。

D是排除他因的假设，即没有其它颜料方面的导致画坏掉，取非，“画还是要因为颜料原因坏掉”和文章最后一句结论不符。C的likely再次不对。C中的items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings.

无关

myice

GWD-8-Q12:

A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profits, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’ cars. In the longer term, the automaker envisions that customers initially attracted by the discounts may become loyal customers.

In assessing the plan’s chances of achieving its aim, it would be most useful to know which of the following?

A. Whether the automaker’s competitors are likely to respond by offering deep discounts on their own products

B. Whether the advertisements will be created by the manufacturer’s current advertising agency

C. Whether some of the automaker’s models will be more deeply discounted than others

D. Whether the automaker will be able to cut costs sufficiently to maintain profit margins even when the discounts are in effect

E. Whether an alternative strategy might enable the automaker to enhance its profitability while holding a constant or diminishing share of the market

[A]文中提到了竞争者，所以竞争者是有关选项，不是无关。其它的广告方式，品牌细分，利润都无关