GWD 13套CR分类总结-6套

myice

GWD-6-Q4:

In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.

B. Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.

C. No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.

D. Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.

E. All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.

Answer: A

myice

GWD-6-Q40:

It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite. However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets. So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out.

The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?

It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.

It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.

It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been carried to Earth.

It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria.

It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.

Answer: D是正确的！如果地球上所有的细菌全部来自火星，当然不可能有两种不同的结构，IF这个成立，那么文章的结论说来自火星的灭绝了就错了！因为现有的细菌来自火星，但却没有灭！

myice

GWD-6-Q33:

Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains. Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years. The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period. Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials’ prediction?

A. By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without purchasing any new subway cars.

B. The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways.

C. For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available.

D. Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used.

E. The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority operational costs.

Answer: D

myice

GWD-6-Q38:

Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?

A. None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.

B. It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.

C. Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.

D. Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.

E. None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.

对B取非，则变成：小厂的转换成本不比大厂的转换成本高，但这并不能削弱结论，因为根据题目中的已知条件，即使转换成本相同，也有可能大厂能够承担而小厂承担不了。所以，B不是Assumption.

对E取非，则变成：有些小厂目前生产的产品就能够符合政府将要实施的规定，这样就削弱了“以后只能三个大厂才能留在这个行业”的结论。所以，E是Assumption.

myice

GWD-6-Q28:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

According to promotional material published by the city of Springfield, more tourists stay in hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. brochure from the largest hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel in Springfield. If both of these sources are accurate, however, the county’s “Report on Tourism” must be in error in indicating that _______.

A. more tourists stay in hotel accommodations in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel

B. the Royal Arms Hotel is the only hotel in Springfield

C. there are several hotels in Harristown that are larger than the Royal Arms Hotel

D. some of the tourists who have stayed in hotels in Harristown have also stayed in the Royal Arms Hotel

E. some hotels in Harristown have fewer tourist guests each year than the Royal Arms Hotel has

第一， S市住旅馆的总游客能比H市多，第二，H市某旅馆客人比S市某旅馆的客人多。得出结论：S市就需要有其他旅馆，所以B所说的RA只是S的唯一一家旅馆是不可能的。

此类题目最好先自己推出结论那个什么report根本就是个无聊的东东B

myice

GWD-6-Q32:

Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these “greenhouse” gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity.

Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.

Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?

A. Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air.

B. The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.

C. The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not produce any greenhouse gases when burned.

D. Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide.

E. The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces methane were not discarded, but recycled.

 

答案中必须体现二者的关系。E说如果将分解甲烷的原料循环使用，产生的甲烷会减少。这个明显不在原文的逻辑推理范围当中，和反对者的话没关系C说的是M将替代某种不会产生二氧化碳的燃料。燃料的替代与否跟本文章一点关系都没有，是无关选项。本文是在讨论如何减少温室效应不是讨论燃料。

D说甲烷比二氧化碳产生的温室效应更厉害，也就是说燃烧还是能减少温室效应的。D

myice

GWD-6-Q21:

An overwhelming proportion of the most productive employees at SaleCo’s regional offices work not eight hours a day, five days a week, as do other SaleCo employees, but rather ten hours a day, four days a week, with Friday off. Noting this phenomenon, SaleCo’s president plans to increase overall productivity by keeping the offices closed on Fridays and having all employees work the same schedule—ten hours a day, four days a week.

Which of the following, if true, provides the most reason to doubt that the president’s plan, if implemented, will achieve its stated purpose?

A. Typically, a SaleCo employee’s least productive hours in the workplace are the early afternoon hours.

B. None of the employees who work four days a week had volunteered to work that schedule, but all were assigned to it by their supervisors.

C. Working ten hours a day has allowed the most productive employees to work two hours alone each day in their respective offices relatively undisturbed by fellow employees.

D. Employees at SaleCo are compensated not on the basis of how many hours a week they work but on the basis of how productive they are during the hours they are at work.

E. Those SaleCo employees who have a four-day workweek do not take any of their office work to do at home on Fridays.

 

myice

错了。因为这些最高效员工的高效得益于额外工作的那两个小时里，办公室比较安静，不受打扰，而如果人人都10*4工作制，那么“undisturbed”这样一个benefit就不存在了。

前提：某公司有两种上班方式：一部分人是5天，每天8小时。另一部分人是4天，每天10个小时

结论：为提高总的生产率，老板决定全部改为4天，每天10小时（改过来才使效率变化，选项必须反映这种改变。这也是结论的特殊性）。所以，正确选项必须反映这两种制度的区别并说明这种改变会导致总生产率下降，也就是生产率提高的条件不存在了。

A。下午工作效率最低。两种制度都有下午，反映不了差别。无关

B。这反映了一种上班方式的特点，但不知另一种的情况，不知换过来之后总效率是高了，还是低了。不明。不过好像有关，先放着。

C。每天工作10小时让效率最高的职员每天有两个小时不受同事干扰。就是说其他8小时是受干扰而影响效率的。这样两种上班方式一合并就10个小时都受干扰了。当然影响效率。正是答案。放弃B。再往下看是否有更合适的。

D。不能说明两种制度差别。无关

E。和效率无关。无关。

 

至此，选出C为答案。

1、看出作者的结论是：老板们希望通过改变作息来提高效率。（要猜测老板的心思）

2、要看出选项C中的条件是原来作息时间中所特有的现象，改变了作息时间，也就改变了这个条件，使得结论成立的基础动摇了。（要敏感于两种作息制度产生的结果）

想法：从“most productive”员工与别人不一样的工作方法出发考虑。

 

myice

GWD-6-Q16:

Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’ that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’ own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’ notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.

In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is evidence that has been used to support an opposing position.

B. The first provides evidence in support of the overall position that the historian defends; the second is that position.

C. The first provides evidence in support of an intermediate conclusion that is drawn to provide support for the overall position that the historian defends; the second provides evidence against that intermediate conclusion.

D. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is evidence offered in support of the historian’s own position.

E. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is further information that substantiates that evidence.

错了。原文有三个观点， a. 传统的观点: 牛顿和莱布尼兹的研究是各自独立得出的。 b. 一些学者的观点: 莱布尼兹是受牛顿影响。因为莱布尼兹在得出自己的研究前，参考过牛顿的数学书。 c. 作者的观点: 作者反对观点b, 也就是说支持观点a, 因为莱布尼兹只参考了牛顿书的前面的章节，而牛顿的理论是在后面的章节才出现。

再看答案，应该很清楚是D. 错误在于没搞懂这几个观点的关系。A more cautious conclusion肯定是把上面的观点反对掉了，而不是继承。我误以为只有两个观点。

myice

GWD-6-Q20:

Five years ago, as part of a plan to encourage citizens of Levaska to increase the amount of money they put into savings, Levaska’s government introduced special savings accounts in which up to $3,000 a year can be saved with no tax due on the interest unless money is withdrawn before the account holder reaches the age of sixty-five. Millions of dollars have accumulated in the special accounts, so the government’s plan is obviously working.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. A substantial number of Levaskans have withdrawn at least some of the money they had invested in the special accounts.

B. Workers in Levaska who already save money in long-term tax-free accounts that are offered through their workplace cannot take advantage of the special savings accounts introduced by the government.

C. The rate at which interest earned on money deposited in regular savings accounts is taxed depends on the income bracket of the account holder.

D. Many Levaskans who already had long-term savings have steadily been transferring those savings into the special accounts.

E. Many of the economists who now claim that the government’s plan has been successful criticized it when it was introduced.

错了。要注意结论：即政策是为了吸引更多的存款，而D说存款只是换了个帐户，总量并没有增加。我选A，已经取出的钱是无关的。The conclusion is whether the approach has encouraged the saving. If the conclusion is that everyone will benefit, B will be the answer. D