GWD 13套CR分类总结-5套

myice

GWD-5-Q8:

When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?

A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.

B. Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.

C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.

D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.

E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Cafe.

B说M店就餐的人在M店开张之前大多都没在R地吃过饭（说明M的开张增加了总的吃饭人数），而且M店总是有人抢不到位置吃饭（说明增加人数有部分没吃到饭）——》只好到W店去吃了

myice

所以只要指出irradiation与cooking根本就不是一回事不具有可比性，就可以了。

因为Irradiation 和 Cooking 的破坏VB1的作用是幂数增加的（即（1-x%)^n，类似于利息），而FACT则仅是Cooking only和Irradiation only的比较。Irradiation支持者举出FACT来支持他们的论点时，忽略选项E这个事实，所以misleading。

不同意C，因为it's off the topic of “this repect”: destroy VB1。

把proponents的意思用通俗一点的方法讲出来大家就明白了：“你们别看irradiation对营养有破坏作用，其实它对营养的破坏还没cooking大呢！——你们平时做菜不都要cook的么？所以不管你们用不用irradiation，这些营养最终都会被cooking破坏。因此irradiation并不会给你们带来额外的营养损失！”

myice

GWD-5-Q38:

GWD-11-Q20: 错了

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles. Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

A. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.

B. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.

C. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.

D. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.

E. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.

[E]

比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象。E短程，达不到CC工作需要的温度，也就不能减少污染。

myice

GWD-5-Q32:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Although the pesticide TDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960’s, a regulation in force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected. That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TDX residue are detected. In fact, however, the change will not allow more TDX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960’s, because ______.

A. pre-1970 techniques for detecting TDX residue could detect it only when it was present on fruit in more than the trace amounts allowed by the new regulations

B. many more people today than in the 1960’s habitually purchase and eat fruit without making an effort to clean residues off the fruit

C. people today do not individually consume any more pieces of fruit, on average, than did the people in the 1960’s

D. at least a small fraction of the fruit sold each year since the early 1960’s has had on it greater levels of TDX than the regulation allows

E. the presence of TDX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit

[A]

以前，监测到有RESIDUE就不能卖，新规定允许有trace amounts 。（虽然说条件放宽了），但较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。A说的是原来的技术其实单纯的RESIDUE是检查不出来的，只有到了TDX的量高于trace amounts ，才能检查成有RESIDUE。这样虽然条件放宽了，但技术水平使实际检查到的TDX的量是差不多的。所以说较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。

myice

GWD-5-Q33:

Wolves generally avoid human settlements. For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them. In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year. Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves. From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed. Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?

A. Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.

B. Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.

C. After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.

D. Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.

E. The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.

[C]

C比D好，

myice

GWD-5-Q29:

Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality. To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?

A. There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.

B. Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.

C. Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.

D. Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.

E. Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.

 

原文的推理是：name-brand cereals 生产商计划用将差价缩小的方法将丢失的顾客吸引回来（价格仍然比STORE高，说明主要仍要靠质量吸引顾客，降价只是消除STORE的优势，消除顾客买STORE谷物的原因----理解这点很重要）（方法目的型）

D。STORE有能力提供低价对name-brand cereals 要缩小差价的方法起不了什麽作用，因为STORE价格本来就低，你说STORE有能力提供低价不等于白说吗。没有削弱作用

B。name-brand cereals 生产商想要象原来一样靠质量吸引他们，现在这个因素不存在了（顾客现在对STORE的质量满意，不考虑NAME优势）。吸引他们的因素没了。顾客有何理由回去。价格吗?(质量已经不重要)，name-brand cereals 生产商价格降价后还是比STORE高。

myice

GWD-5-Q30:

GWD-11-Q12: 模糊性大C E 存疑

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage. However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods. For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain. Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking. However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.

A. many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life

B. it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has

C. cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods

D. certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is

E. for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded

 

E有道理,但不能作为MISLEADING的论据. E 倾向于表明无法分清是DAMAGE 营养更多. 如果原文改为, or else insufficient,since--------------.则E为较好的答案.

C 明显misleading. proponent之所以把cooking拉出来比,就是想找个替罪羊, C 选项明确说出,两者并不同时存在,一个是保鲜,一个是烧, 保鲜过程对营养的破坏是不能扯到后期的cook 上的.

所以我觉得C 在逻辑上完成了ARGUMENT

作者抨击现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation，并给出了理由指明其缺点，相对应的肯定存在有更好的保持食物的方法，而那些支持irradiation的人们，比如生产食物的农民觉得irradiation成本相对低，指出irradiation的缺点只是很小的缺点，即与cooking相比irradiation损失的B1一样少

这明显是那些支持irradiation的人们在误导读者，现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation只能与更好的保存方法相比，怎么能与cooking相比呢？！irradiation只损失一点点的B1，而新的保持方法可以不损失B1，那当然还是要舍弃irradiation而用新的，与cooking损失多少B1有什么关系呢？这就是文章最后讲this fact is misleading的原因。

myice

GWD-5-Q28:

Wind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land. County X and County Y have similar terrain, but the population density of County X is significantly higher than that of County Y. Therefore, a wind farm proposed for one of the two counties should be built in County Y rather than in County X.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?

A. County X and County Y are adjacent to each other, and both are located in the windiest area of the state.

B. The total population of County Y is substantially greater than that of County X.

C. Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in County Y would be purchased by users outside the county.

D. Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.

E. Nearly all of County X’s population is concentrated in a small part of the county, while County Y’s population is spread evenly throughout the country.

[E]

x的人口（虽然多于y）都集中在很小的地方，所以空地可能很多。

myice

GWD-5-Q26:

GWD-11-Q21:

Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?

A. When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.

B. A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.

C. When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.

D. Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.

E. High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.

[C]

BC易混。B中的unusually low concentration不好，不如C

myice

GWD-5-Q19: 错B

GWD-7-Q28:

GWD-11-Q13:

Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.

In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.

B. The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.

C. The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D. The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.

E. The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question