GWD-18-Q7-Q10
The term “episodic memory” was
introduced by Tulving to refer to what he
considered a uniquely human capacity—
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the ability to recollect specific past events,
(5)
to travel back into the past in one’s own
mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.
Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic
(10)
memory in animals.
According to these
criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.
Clayton sought to
(15)
examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate
memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this infor- mation.
In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food
(20)
scarcity.
Clayton’s experiment required
jays to remember the type, location, and
freshness of stored food based on a unique
learning event.
Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.
Jays
(25)
prefer crickets, but crickets degrade
more quickly.
Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain
(30)
information about the what, the where,
and the when.
Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the
information.
Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Q8: According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they A showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past B used information acquired through past experiences C assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays D remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E recollected single bits of information about sources of food我选B，D和B好像很难区分对错耶 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Q9: It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that A the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain B the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior C Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory D Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories我选C，为什么B是对的呢？C没有错啊 | 
