feiya

19.        The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+）
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying assumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句在文章中就是一个自然段，虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子，但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩，连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说，由whereas连接了两个大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise， 修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子，由the physicist作主语的主句；由since引导的原因状语从句，修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句，此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子，从句套从句，实在令人叹为观止。
然而，在考试现场去数句子的数目，是只有呆子才会干的事，读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话，什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂，才算初步掌握；再进一步把它读顺，直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方，看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。
意群训练：The physicist rightly                 dreads precise argument,         since an argument         that is convincing only if it is precise         loses all its force         if the assumptions         on which         it is based         are slightly changed,         whereas an argument         that is convincing though imprecise         may well be stable         under small perturbations         of its underlying assumptions.

feiya

20.        However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-）
起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。　lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语，因此被省略。
意群训练：However,         as they gained cohesion,         the Bluestocking         came to         regard themselves         as a women's group         and to possess                 a sense of female solidarity         lacking in the salonnieres,         who remained isolated         from one another         by the primacy         each held         in her own salon.

feiya

21.        As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）
随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：本句子的中间一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看晕，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由两个and连接了三个部分，然而它们其实不是同一层次的并列，第一个and实际上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so with其实是对于一个完整的表达方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了与前面重复的成分。
后面修饰的structural differences的定语从句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出现了一个别扭的插入语at first glance，把应该连在一起的seem to 粗暴地分开，令人不熟悉此类难句的人倍感不适。
意群训练：As my own studies         have advanced,                 I have been         increasingly impressed                 with the         functional similarities         between insect and         vertebrate societies         and less so with         the structural differences         that seem,         at first glance,         to constitute such an                 immense gulf                 between them.

feiya

22.        Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4）
虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说事业。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：本句从句子的结构上来讲，惟一的难度在于and之后的句子的主语talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太长，以至于看到谓语circumvent的时候已经搞不清楚主谓了。更大的难度恐怕还在于对两个词汇的理解circumvent和enterprise。我们以前所背过的circumvent有两个词义，一个是规避，一是以计谋战胜，但是这两种意思放到此处都显然不通；其实circumvent有一个我们没有背过的最常用的意思是包围、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企业，这里的指事业。
意群训练：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.

feiya

23.        Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3）
这究竟是一种缺陷呢，还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
难句类型：插入语
解释：本句的句子既短，意思也不难理解，但插入语(or trying to forge)的干扰作用却极强。
意群训练：Is this a defect,         or are the authors         working out of,         or trying to forge,         a different kind of         aesthetic?

feiya

24.        In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）
不仅如此，有些黑人小说（比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义；这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：在本句中有三个词需要先解释一番：verge on这个词组是接近于、濒于的意思，hero在文学作品中是主人公的意思，pit作动词时，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，还有使竞争、使斗争的意思，其英文释义为：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一种语义的被动语态fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主动语态则是：pit black heros againt fate。
另外本句的结构复杂，分号之后是一个一般疑问句，但是由于修饰成分过多，过长，使得读者看不清楚这个句子在问什么。其实如果没有最后的那个prevalent theme的同位语a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句会易懂得多。
意群训练：In addition,         the style of         some Black novels,         like Jean Toomer's Cane,         verges on         expressionism or surrealism；        does this technique         provide a counterpoint                 to the prevalent theme         that portrays         the fate against which                 Black heroes are pitted,         a theme usually conveyed by                 more naturalistic         modes of expression?

feiya

25.        Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A
《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
难句类型：倒装
解释：在以bringing开头的作状语的分词中出现了倒装，bring A to B被倒装为bring to B A,其倒装的原因仍是为了避免头重脚轻，正常的语序应该如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored  Man to our attention in the process.
意群训练：Black Fiction surveys         a wide variety of novels，        bringing to         our attention                 in the　process         some fascinating         and little-known works                 like James Weldon　Johnson's         Autobiography         of an Ex-Colored Man.

feiya

26.        Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　　infrared  emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)
虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared emission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：前面的分句中有一个不算很长的插入语，但是因为它插入的位置正好在固定搭配allow something to do somthing中间，将allow和to分得很远，所以读起来让人感觉很不舒服。
后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位语。其中的otherwise是副词作状语，表示如果后面的分句所说的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不发生时的后果。
意群训练：Although these molecules         allow radiation         at visible wavelengths，         where most of         the energy of sunlight         is concentrated，        to pass through，        they absorb         some of the longer-wavelength，                infrared emissions radiated         from the Earth's surface，        radiation that         would　otherwise be         transmitted back         into space.

feiya

27.        The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略
解释：尽管我们很熟悉the role of something的这种表达，但本句中the role of被作者胜利很活。首先，在role后面有一个省略了引导词that的定语从句(因为role在从句中作ascribe的宾语)，这样就把role和系动词is隔得很远。其次，but前面的句子的主要结构The role is not of doing something其实是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因为后面的the role与前面的完全重复，如果不把它省略掉，谁看到都要觉得啰嗦。因为同样的道理，but之后的one of imposing constraints实际上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。
意群训练：The role         those anthropologists         ascribe to evolution         is not of dictating　        the details of         human behavior                 but one　of         imposing constraints—        ways of　feeling，        thinking，and acting         that　　"come naturally"         in archetypal situations         in any culture.

feiya

28.        Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5）
以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？
难句类型：复杂修饰、抽象词
解释：本句子在所有GRE或GMAT阅读题的题干中是最难读懂的题干之一。本句不但结构复杂，而且用词抽象，使得读者如果想根据语义来搞清楚谁修饰谁，也变得极为困难。分析如下：本句的主干是Which of the following provides an analogy for the details versus constraints distinction?. Versus是一个介词，等于against，即体育比赛中的VS。其他的所有成分均是一些修饰成分。其中一个对答题最重要的限制条件是from human morphology，　说明这种类比的比较双方所比的必须是人类形态上的特征。
意群训练：Which of the following         most probably         provides an appropriate analogy         from human morphology         for the "details"         versus "constraints"         distinction made in the passage         in relation to         human behavior?