[逻辑资料] XDF逻辑GZW老师的课堂录音以及讲义

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GMAT逻辑 讲义

高智威

目
录

归纳题………………………………………………… 1

削弱题………………………………………………… 12

加强题………………………………………………… 37

假设题………………………………………………… 54

解释题………………………………………………… 73

填空题………………………………………………… 83

句子作用题…………………………………………… 94

评价题………………………………………………… 106

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例题

1. Meteorite explosions in the Earth’s atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia, with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century. The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly automated nuclear-missile defense system controlled by a complex computer program?

A. Within a century after its construction, the system would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear war.

B. The system would be destroyed if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth’s atmosphere.

C. It would be impossible for the system to distinguish the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

D. Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large meteorite would depend on the location of the blast.

E. It is not certain what the system’s response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be, if its designers did not plan for such a contingency.

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2.
The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. Therefore, if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.

If the statements in the passage are true, which of the following must be true?

A. Some lawyers who now advertise will charge more for specific services if they do not have to specify fee arrangements in the advertisements.

B. More consumers will use legal services if there are fewer restrictions on the advertising of legal service.

C. If the restriction against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements is removed, more lawyers will advertise their services.

D. If more lawyers advertise lower prices for specific services, some lawyers who do not advertise will also charge less than they currently charge for those services.

E. If the only restrictions on the advertising of legal services were those that apply to every type of advertising, most lawyers would advertise their services.

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3. Rural households have more purchasing power than do urban or suburban households at the same income level, since some of the income urban and suburban households use for food and shelter can be used by rural households for other needs.

Which of the following inferences is best supported by the statement made above?

A. The average rural household includes more people than does the average urban or suburban household.
B. Rural households have lower food and housing costs than do either urban or suburban households.
C. Suburban households generally have more purchasing power than do either rural or urban households.
D. The median income of urban and suburban households is generally higher than that of rural households.
E. All three types of households spend more of their income on housing than on all other purchases combined.

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4. When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful. Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?

A. Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in fact untruthful.
B. Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the consideration of job applicants.
C. An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee.
D. A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.
E. Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.

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5. (Z1) That the application of new technology can increase the productivity of existing coal mines is demonstrated by the case of Tribnia’s coal industry.  Coal output per miner in Tribnia is double what it was five years ago, even though no new mines have opened.

Which of the following can be properly concluded from the statement about coal output per miner in the passage?

A.        If the number of miners working in Tribnian coal mines has remained constant in the past five years, Tribnia’s total coal production has doubled in that period of time.
B.        Any individual Tribnian coal mine that achieved an increase in overall output in the past five years has also experienced an increase in output per miner.
C.        If any new coal mines had opened in Tribnia in the past five years, then the increase in output per miner would have been even greater than it actually was.
D.        If any individual Tribnian coal mine has not increased its output per miner in the past five years, then that mine’s overall output has declined or remained constant.
E.        In Tribnia the cost of producing a given quantity of coal has declined over the past five years.

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6. (Z2-20) Shipping Clerk:  The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday.  Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend.  Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.

If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?

A.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
B.        At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
C.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
D.        At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E.        At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.

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7. (Z2-30) Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting.  In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years.  Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.

The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?

A.        The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B.        Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C.        The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D.        The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E.        The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.

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8. (Z3-32) From 1980 to 1989, total consumption of fish in the country of Jurania increased by 4.5 percent, and total consumption of poultry products there increased by 9.0 percent.  During the same period, the population of Jurania increased by 6 percent, in part due to immigration to Jurania from other countries in the region.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

A. During the 1980’s in Jurania, profits of wholesale distributors of poultry products increased at a greater rate than did profits of wholesale distributors of fish.
B. For people who immigrated to Jurania during the 1980’s, fish was less likely to be a major part of their diet than was poultry.
C. In 1989 Juranians consumed twice as much poultry as fish.
D. For a significant proportion of Jurania’s population, both fish and poultry products were a regular part of their diet during the 1980’s.
E. Per capita consumption of fish in Jurania was lower in 1989 than in 1980.

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9. A company's two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.

Regarding the past three years, which of the following can properly be inferred from the statement above?

(A)        Total dollar sales for each of the company's divisions have remained roughly constant.
(B)        The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer competition in its markets than has the chemicals division.
(C)        The chemicals division has realized lower profits per dollar of sales than has the pharmaceuticals division.
(D)        The product mix offered by each of the company's divisions has remained unchanged.
(E)        Highly profitable products accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals division's sales than of the pharmaceuticals division's.