老卖年糕

75. United States hospitals have traditionally relied primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care. Almost all paying patients now rely on governmental or private health insurance to pay hospital bills. Recently, insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

(A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy, such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.

[url=](B) [/url][c1] If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny some of that care or suffer losses if they give it. B

(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for [url=]governmental health insurance[/url][c2] but are unable to afford private insurance for hospital care.

(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.

(E) Even though philanthropic donations have traditionally provided some support for the

hospitals, such donations are at present declining.

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[c1]对上述的重写

[c2]无关

老卖年糕

三．WEAKEN

看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。

找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案

TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

几种特殊类型：

原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论

因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。D显示因果关系的资料不准确。

条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。

原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同，或直接weaken结论

调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

题号：共45题
1，5,15,23,30,35,36,40,45,60,63,73,75,83,87,90,81,88,96,104,111,114,116,118,120,123,4,5,11,15,16,18,20,22,24,26,27,31,41,46,47,49,50,80,81

老卖年糕

[url=]1.[/url][c1] [url=]“Life expectancy[/url][c2] ” is the average age at death of the entire live-born population. In the middle of [url=]the nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years[/url][c3] . Thus,[url=] in those days, people must have been considered old at an age that we now consider the prime of life.[/url][c4]

Which of the following, if true, undermines the argument above?

(A) In the middle of the nineteenth century, the[url=] population[/url][c5] of North America was significantly smaller than it is today.

[url=](B)[/url][c6] Most of the gains in life expectancy in the last 150 years have come from reductions in the number of infants who die in their first year of life. B

[url=](C)[/url][c7] Many of the people who live to an advanced age today do so only because of medical technology that was unknown in the nineteenth century.

[url=](D)[/url][c8] The proportion of people who die in their seventies is significantly smaller today than is the proportion of people who die in their eighties.

(E) More people in the middle of the nineteenth century engaged regularly in vigorous [url=]physical activity [/url][c9] than do so today.

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[c1]调查型

[c2]调查内容

[c3]Reasoning

[c4]结论

[c5]平均数与总数多少无关

[c6]有效性受到攻击，bingo

[c7]可能是对结论的一种解释，support

[c8]Support

[c9]对寿命的影响不能从文中得知，所以Little effect on the argument。

老卖年糕

[url=]5.[/url][c1] A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. The proposed policy would [url=]permit each employee to decide when to arrive—from as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m. [/url][c2]

The adoption of this policy would be most likely to decrease employees’ productivity if the employees’ job functions required them to

(A) work without [url=]interruption[/url][c3] from other employees

(B) consult at least once a day with employees from [url=]other companies[/url][c4]

(C) [url=]submit their work[/url][c5] for a supervisor’s eventual approval

(D)[url=] interact frequently[/url][c6] with each other throughout the entire workday   D

(E) undertake projects that take [url=]several days[/url][c7] to complete

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[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]需要经常合作，所以员工不能同时到的话会影响工作

[c7]无关

老卖年糕

[url=]10.[/url][c1] Cable-television spokesperson: [url=]Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free” television.[/url][c2] Remember that “free” television is not really free. It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports “free” television.

Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the position of the cable-television spokesperson?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] Consumers who do not own television sets are less likely to be influenced in their purchasing decisions by television advertising than are consumers who own television sets.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Subscriptions to cable television include access to some public-television channels, which do not accept advertising.

(C) For locations with poor television reception, cable television provides [url=]picture quality [/url][c5] superior to that provided by free television.

(D) There is as much advertising on many cable television channels as there is on “free” television channels. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Cable-television subscribers can choose which channels they wish to receive.

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[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]没说明free TV情况，同E

[c5]无关，并且也不能weaken

[c6]没有说明free TV是否可以，Little effect

老卖年糕

[url=]15.[/url][c1] A conservation group in the United States is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures. The group contends that[url=] bats are feared and persecuted solely
[/url][c2] because [url=]they are shy animals that are active only at night.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the group’s contention?

(A) Bats are steadily losing [url=]natural roosting places[/url][c4] such as caves and hollow trees and are thus turning to more developed areas for roosting.

(B) Bats are [url=]the chief consumers of nocturnal insects[/url][c5] and thus can help make their hunting territory more pleasant for humans.

[url=](C) [/url][c6] Bats are regarded as frightening creatures not only in the United States but also in Europe, Africa, and South America.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night, yet they are not generally feared and persecuted. D

(E) [url=]People know [/url][c8] more about the behavior of other greatly feared animal species, such as lions, alligators, and snakes, than they do about the behavior of bats.

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[c1]因果型

[c2]结论

[c3]Reasoning

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]不涉及原因

[c7]显示因果关系的资料不准确，bingo

[c8]无关

老卖年糕

[url=]23. [/url][c1] A drug that is highly effective in treating many types of infection can, at present, be obtained only from the bark of the ibora,[url=] a tree that is quite rare in the wild. It takes the bark of 5,000 trees to make one kilogram of the drug[/url][c2] . It follows, therefore, [url=]that continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the ibora’s extinction.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) The drug made from ibora bark is[url=] dispensed to doctors[/url][c4] from a central authority.

(B) The drug made from ibora bark is [url=]expensive to produce.[/url][c5]

[url=](C)[/url][c6] The leaves of the ibora are used in a number of medical products.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] The ibora can be propagated from cuttings and grown under cultivation. D

[url=](E) [/url][c8] The ibora generally grows in largely inaccessible places.

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[c1]因果型

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]Support

[c7]割断因果，bingo

[c8]无关

老卖年糕

[url=]30[/url][c1] . Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because[url=] the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to epair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction.[/url][c2] Therefore, [url=]space flights[/url]

carrying astronauts must continue.[c3]

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above

(A) Satellites[url=] falling from orbit[/url][c4] because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.

[url=](B)[/url][c5] Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather

forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.

(C) [url=]The government[/url][c6] , responding to public pressure,has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.

[url=](E) [/url][c8] Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit. E

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[c1]因果型

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]没有weaken结论

[c8]割断因果，可以用新卫星代替维修旧卫星，weaken must continue

老卖年糕

35. [url=]Last year the rate of inflation was 1.2 percent, but for the current year it has been 4 percent[/url][c1] . We can conclude [url=]that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] The inflation figures were computed on the basis of a representative sample of economic data rather than all of the available data.

(B) Last year a dip in oil prices brought inflation temporarily below its recent stable annual level of 4 percent. B

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Increases in the pay of some workers are tied to the level of inflation, and at an inflation rate of 4 percent or above, these pay raises constitute a force causing further inflation.

[url=](D[/url][c5] ) The 1.2 percent rate of inflation last year represented a 10-year low.

(E) Government intervention [url=]cannot affect the rate of inflation[/url][c6] to any significant degree.

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[c1]Reasoning

[c2]结论

[c3]没有weaken，因为无法知道如果采用all data会得出什么结论

[c4]Support

[c5]没有Weaken

[c6]无关

老卖年糕

[url=]X[/url]36.[c1] [url=] Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil. [/url][c2] Therefore,[url=] if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

[url=](A)[/url][c4] Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill. A

[url=](B)[/url][c5] Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.

[url=](C[/url][c6] ) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.

(D) Offshore operations usually [url=]damage the ocean floor[/url][c7] , but tankers rarely cause such damage.

(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently[url=] less expensiv[/url][c8] e than drilling for it offshore.

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[c1]具体性

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]直接weaken原因。做错是因为一开始觉得选项没有给出offshore的情况，但是注意，less risk已经说明了两者的比较

[c5]Support

[c6]没有说tanker的情况，Little effect

[c7]无关，文中只涉及oil spill

[c8]无关