[GMAT逻辑学习笔记]OG12中的削弱题总结

飞飞鱼

OG12中的削弱题：1、5、15、23、30、35、36、40、45、60、63、73、75、83、87、90、81、88、96、104、111、114、116、118、120、123



下面选取几道【施主】觉得有代表性的削弱题先举例说明，然后总结一下



OG12第23题

A drug that is highly effective in treating many types of infection can, at present, be obtained only from the bark of the ibora, a tree that is quite rare in the wild. It takes the bark of 5,000 trees to make one kilogram of the drug. It follows, therefore, that continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the ibora’s extinction.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?


1.先不看选项，来看题干。做逻辑题首先要看问题，看看问题中有用的信息。这一题，问题只能说明本道题问的是削弱。那么，看到weaken这个字眼出现，知道了是削弱题，脑海中立马要反应过来，题干的结论是错的（虽然说得有点儿绝对化，但是目的是反驳这个argument，那就干脆认为这个argument的最终结果是错的），然后找漏洞进行反驳。至于这个叙述方式到底是什么，我个人觉得不需要太多关注，不管是因果型、条件型、类比型还是调查，最关键的是发现题目的漏洞，这个时候逻辑链就能派上用场了。

咳咳，废话说了很多，进入正题，看看题干的结论到底是什么

2.Therefore点出了结论：continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the ibora’s extinction. 看到结论直接默认，持续的drug生产不会导致ibora灭绝。

3.找到了结论，那么看这个题干是如何推理出结论的，也就是逻辑链。

生产1kg某种drug需要5000棵稀有的wild ibora为原料à持续的drug生产则ibora灭绝

4.得出了逻辑链，就可以推测问题的源头了

从后往前倒推：持续的drug生产不会导致ibora灭绝à原料不仅限于wild ibora。

5.再看答案，呼之欲出啊了。

(A) The drug made from ibora bark is dispensed to doctors from a central authority.

(B) The drug made from ibora bark is expensive to produce.

(C) The leaves of the ibora are used in a number of medical products.

(D)The ibora can be propagated from cuttings and grown under cultivation. D

(E) The ibora generally grows in largely inaccessible places.

关于E选项为什么错。个人感觉因为是continued production意思就是已然在生产了，和能不能取得无关了。

再则，大家寻思一下，如果这道题目变成assumption呢？答案是什么呢？

飞飞鱼

OG12第30题

Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above


我的思考过程：

1.看问题，削弱，无其他关键信息

2.找结论：space flights carrying astronauts must continue

3.将结论否定之：space flights carrying astronauts may not continue

4.逻辑链：satellites只能在轨道上修理不修就坏了à astronauts are neededà space flights carrying astronauts must continue

5.反推：space flights carrying astronauts may not continueà astronauts are not needed

6.找到最终需要反驳的源头了：astronauts are not needed，找个理由说明为什么astronaut不需要呗。

7.找答案↓

(A) Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.

(B) Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.

(C) The government, responding to public pressure,has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.

(D) Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.

(E) Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit.

飞飞鱼

OG12第40题

In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee. Therefore, the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?


1.看问题，削弱，没有其他关键信息

2.找结论：the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.

3.否定结论：the decrease in coffee consumption may not have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.

4.逻辑链：increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffeeàconsumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeineàdecrease in coffee consumption

5.反推，其实这一题不需要反推，很容易，甚至连逻辑链都不需要推，既然否定完结论后出现的结果是：the decrease in coffee consumption may not have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine，那就必然寻找他因了。找到别的原因说明the decrease in coffee consumption咯。

6.寻找他因↓

(A) On average, people consume 30 percent less coffee today than they did 10 years ago.

(B) Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after significantly decreasing their coffee consumption.

(C) Sales of specialty types of coffee have held steady as sales of regular brands have declined.

(D) The consumption of fruit juices and caffeine-free herbal teas has increased over the past decade.

(E)Coffee prices increased steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing nations.

再次，请大家看看，哪一个选项是支持结论的答案呢？

飞飞鱼

总结

整体的做题过程就是：1. 看问题，注意题型，有没有关键信息

2. 找结论

3. 自动否定找到的结论

4. 推理逻辑链

5. 用否定的结论反推，找到出问题的源头，也就是weaken point

6. 找到了weaken的点，看选项



PS：其实逻辑题对于阅读的理解还有思维过程有很高的要求，可以说，sc经过大量的做题和总结、归纳之后可以很快的提高；rc考的是阅读速度和快读的理解，和平时积累不可分割，同时机经帮助较大。而对于逻辑来说，要是基础不行，读不懂题，自然悲剧；读懂了题，找不到突破点，同样容易悲剧，这是思维过程的出现问题；同时，逻辑的机经是双刃剑，没有一个正确思维的同学，看了逻辑机经最终只会顾着背答案，考试容易迷糊，逻辑寂静需要自己思考整理，最好把完整的寂静都推理一下逻辑链，思考一下答案方向。

昨天有个同学问的问题：

GWD30-Q32
A major chemical spill occurred five years ago at Baker’s Beach, the world’s sole nesting ground for Merrick sea turtles, and prevented nearly all the eggs laid that year from hatching.Yet the number of adult female Merricks returning to lay their eggs at Baker’s Beach has actually increased somewhat since five years ago.Clearly, environmentalists’ prediction that the world’s Merrickpopulation would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument offered in refutation of the environmentalists’ prediction?

飞飞鱼

1. 看问题，削弱题，但是有关键信息，要看懂：反驳对于环境学家预测的反驳，也就是说支持环境学家的结论

2. 找结论：environmentalists’ prediction that the world’s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven unfounded

3. 否定结论：environmentalists’ prediction that the world’s Merrick population would decline as a result of the spill has proven founded

4. 逻辑链：（1）5年前的污染导致唯一的海龟产卵地的蛋不能孵化






（2）母海龟数量增加à因为污染海龟数量减少的预测是错误的

5. 反推：出现了两个原因，（1）（2）两个原因是相冲突的，由（1）推出了结论，现在要反驳结论，结论取非后必然是可以直接推导到（2）也就是：因为污染海龟数量减少的预测是对的à5年前的污染导致唯一的海龟产卵地的蛋不能孵化
剩下的工作就是来解释（1）（2）会相冲突的原因，同时反推出来的（2）是正确的，解释（1）产生差异的原因

6. 找答案，为什么受到污染了，母海龟数量还会增加呢

A.The chemical spill five years ago occurred at a time when there were neither Merrick sea turtles nor Merrick sea turtle eggs on Baker’s Beach.

B.Female Merrick sea turtles begin returning to Baker’s Beach to lay their eggs when they are ten years old.

C.Under normal conditions, only a small proportion of hatchling female Merrick sea turtles survive in the ocean until adulthood and return to lay their eggs at Baker’s Beach.

D.Environmental pressures unrelated to the chemical spill have caused a significant decline in the population of one of the several species of sea birds that prey on Merrick sea turtle eggs.

E.After the chemical spill, an environmental group rejected a proposal to increase the Merrick sea turtle population by transferring eggs from Baker’s Beach to nearby beaches that had not been affected by the spill.

这题选B，两个时间差异说明了为什么母海龟的数量还会增加：因为10年前没有受到污染！现在的蛋受到污染不能孵化了，以后海龟的数量必然会减少！环境专家的预测是对的。

飞飞鱼

83. Journalist: In physics journals, the number of articles reporting the results of experiments involving particle accelerators was lower last year than it had been in previous years. Several of the particle accelerators at major research institutions were out of service the year before last for repairs, so it is likely that the low number of articles was due to the decline in availability of particle accelerators.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the journalist’s argument?
(A)  Every article based on experiments with particle accelerators that was submitted for publication last year actually was published.
(B)  The average time scientists must wait for access to a particle accelerator has declined
over the last several years.
(C)  The number of physics journals was the same last year as in previous years.
(D)  Particle accelerators can be used for more than one group of experiments in any given year.
(E)  Recent changes in the editorial policies of several physics journals have decreased the likelihood that articles concerning particle accelerator research will be accepted for publication.


问题：
像这种题，如果 自动否定找到的结论，能不能是 so it is likely that the HIGH number of articles was... 我知道在这个题目里这么改不太合适，我的意思就是 自动否定结论的时候 能把题目中decrease 之类的词语改成相反的意思吗？
像这道题，B，D选项按照OG的解释都是会使articles增加的，那结论问的low no. of articles，是不是这样的事实是不能改变的？（因为我觉得如果题目里说low，选项里是high的话也算是削弱啊？）

可能是我上面没有说得太明白，一般，我个人觉得，否定结论，就如同削弱中的取非一样，针对的是结论中的谓语动词。

那么这道题的结论是：the low number of articles was due to the decline in availability of particle accelerators

很明显，这里取非否定的是was，那么否定后就变成了：the low number of articles was notdue to the decline in availability of particle accelerators

实际上，这道题和我上面说的例题3思路是一致的，due to表示原因，取非之后，很容易发现，was not due to（不是因为这个，那肯定是因为别的），指引你去寻找他因咯。

找一个原因去说明：文章的减少不是因为availability of particle accelerators，是别的原因导致了这个情况的发生

同时，请注意，题干说的文章减少，是In physics journals，articles decline，刊登的文章减少了！

你这么来看，就和low&high无关了，low已经是决定了的事儿了，找原因说为什么low。
那很容易就选出了是E了。

pansy

赞

bolococo

many     thanks @

newcentury

太好了

psycheps

many thanks